Pollak, Amy W.

Abstract Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) encompasses a spectrum of vascular conditions, including coronary artery disease (CAD) and lower extremity peripheral artery disease (PAD), which frequently coexist. In the setting of ASCVD, there is a common underlying pathophysiology for acute ischemic events related to platelet activation and thrombin generation. The scope of this review focuses on the role of dual-pathway inhibition, the approach combining antiplatelet and antithrombotic therapy, for improvement in cardiovascular outcomes in patients with ASCVD. To determine which patients with CAD and PAD may benefit from dual-pathway inhibition, a brief overview of clinical presentations for both stable CAD and the spectrum of lower extremity PAD is outlined.

Background Ankle‐brachial indexes ( ABI ) are a noninvasive diagnostic tool for peripheral arterial disease and a marker of increased cardiovascular risk. ABI is calculated using the highest systolic blood pressure of the 4 ankle arteries (bilateral dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial). Accordingly, patients may be assigned a normal ABI when the result would be abnormal if calculated using one of the other blood pressure readings. Cardiovascular outcomes for patients with discordant ABI s are undescribed. Methods and Results We performed a retrospective study of patients who underwent ABI measurement for any indication between January 1996 and June 2018. Those with normal ABI s (1.00–1.39) were included. We compared patients with all 4 normal ABI s (calculated using all 4 ankle arteries; n=15 577, median age 64.0 years, 54.4% men) to those with discordant ABI s (at least 1 abnormal ABI ≤0.99; n=2095, median age 66.0 years, 47.8% men). The outcomes assessed were ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, and all‐cause mortality. Compared with patients with concordant normal ABI s, patients with discordant ABI s were older; women; smoked; and had chronic kidney disease, coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypertension, or prior stroke. Patients with discordant ABI s had a greater risk of myocardial infarction (hazard ratio [HR], 1.31; 95% CI, 1.10–1.56), ischemic stroke ( HR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.37–1.72), and all‐cause mortality ( HR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.16–1.39), including after adjustment for baseline comorbidities. Conclusions Discordant ABI results were associated with an increased risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, and all‐cause mortality in the studied population. Clinicians should examine ABI calculations using all 4 ankle arteries to better characterize a patient's cardiovascular risk.

Background— The CoreValve US High-Risk Clinical Study compared clinical outcomes and serial echocardiographic findings in patients with severe aortic valve stenosis after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) with a self-expanding bioprosthesis or surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR). Methods and Results— Eligible patients were randomly assigned 1:1 to TAVR with a self-expanding bioprosthesis or SAVR (N=747). Echocardiograms were obtained at baseline, discharge, 30 days, 6 months, and 1 year after the procedure and were analyzed at a central core laboratory. Compared with SAVR patients (N=357), TAVR patients (N=390) had a lower mean aortic valve gradient, larger valve area, and less patient–prosthesis mismatch (all P <0.001), but more paravalvular regurgitation at discharge, which decreased at 1 year. SAVR patients experienced significant right ventricular systolic dysfunction at discharge and 1 month with normal right ventricular function at 1 year. One-year all-cause mortality was 14.2% for TAVR and 19.1% for SAVR patients. Preimplantation aortic regurgitation ≥mild was associated with reduced mortality hazard for both the TAVR (hazard ratio 0.48, 95% confidence interval 0.27–0.85; P =0.01) and the SAVR groups (hazard ratio 0.53, 95% confidence interval 0.32–0.87; P =0.01). Aortic regurgitation ≥mild after TAVR was associated with increased risk for all-cause mortality (hazard ratio 1.95, 95% confidence interval 1.08–3.53; P =0.03). Conclusions— In patients with severe aortic stenosis at increased surgical risk, TAVR was associated with better systolic valve performance, similar left ventricular remodeling, more paravalvular regurgitation, and less right ventricular systolic dysfunction compared with SAVR. Despite an overall mortality reduction for the TAVR group, ≥mild aortic valve regurgitation after TAVR was associated with an increased mortality hazard. Clinical Trial Registration— URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT01240902.