Perego, Giovanni Battista

Abstract Background Ventricular arrhythmias (VA) are common complications of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and can cause cardiac arrest and adverse outcomes. However, the prognostic impact of VA according to their timing in relation to percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) remains unclear. Purpose To assess the prognostic significance of VA in patients with ACS undergoing PCI according to the timing of occurrence (before, during, or after PCI). Methods We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies reporting all-cause mortality with and without VA (sustained VT/VF) in ACS patients undergoing PCI. Pooled odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using random-effects models for short-term (30 days/in-hospital) and long-term (1 year) mortality. Between-study heterogeneity was assessed using the I² statistic. We conducted subgroup analyses for studies that stratified VA according to timing, defined as VA before PCI (prior to arrival in the catheterization laboratory), VA during PCI (in the catheterization laboratory or immediately after reperfusion), VA after PCI (following completion of PCI). Each timing category was compared to patients who did not develop VA within the same time window (before, during or after PCI). Results Twelve studies comprising 49306 patients were included, of whom 4320 (8.76%) experienced VA. The mean age of the patients ranged from 60 to 70 years, and the follow-up ranged from hospital discharge to 8 years. VA was associated with increased short-term (OR 5.02 [3.91-6.44]) and long-term mortality (OR 3.00 [2.86-3.82]). However, in patients alive at discharge/30 days, subsequent long-term mortality risk did not differ between those with and without VA (OR 1.21 [0.70-2.09]) (Figure 1). The subgroup analyses showed that patients with VA were associated with higher short-term mortality compared to patients without VA within each time window: before (OR 4.32 [3.29-5.66]), during (OR 4.29 [2.08-8.84]), and after PCI (OR 9.29 [3.12-27.63]) (Figure 2). VA after PCI was associated with the highest OR for short-term mortality. Conclusions VA significantly worsens short-term outcomes in ACS patients undergoing PCI. Subgroup analysis shows that VA increases mortality in each timing category, before, during and after PCI, with the poorest prognosis observed for arrhythmias developed after reperfusion, in whom reversible acute ischemia may play a lesser role and underlying arrhythmic substrate may predominate.Figure 1Figure 2

Background Female sex is associated with lower incidence of myocardial infarction, especially at younger ages. However, sex differences in mortality and coronary artery disease patterns among young patients with ST‐segment–elevation myocardial infarction are not well established. This study evaluated sex differences in in‐hospital and 1‐year all‐cause death and in the extent of coronary artery disease in patients aged ≤45 years with ST‐segment–elevation myocardial infarction. Methods A systematic review (December 9, 2025) was conducted using PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, major cardiology conference proceedings, and ClinicalTrials.gov . Studies comparing sexes for outcomes were included. Non‐English publications, abstracts without full text, and studies published before 2010 were excluded. A random‐effects meta‐analysis was performed, with results presented as relative risks (RR) and 95% CIs. Heterogeneity was assessed using τ and I 2 , risk of bias using the Risk of Bias in Nonrandomized Studies of Interventions tool. The study was registered on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews. Results Eleven studies including 738 029 patients with ST‐segment–elevation myocardial infarction (22% women) were analyzed. Female sex was associated with higher unadjusted in‐hospital (RR, 1.56 [95% CI, 1.40–1.74]; τ=0.04; I 2 =0%) and 1‐year mortality rate (RR, 1.78 [95% CI, 1.50–2.12]; τ=0.00; I 2 =0%). Women more frequently had single‐vessel disease (73% versus 60%; RR, 1.13 [95% CI, 1.03–1.23]; τ=0.07; I 2 =67%), while men had 2‐vessel (23% versus 18%; RR, 0.76 [95% CI, 0.68–0.85]; τ=0.00; I 2 =0%;) and 3‐vessel disease (16% versus 9%; RR, 0.49 [95% CI, 0.27–0.86]; τ=0.41; I 2 =33%). Conclusions In young patients with ST‐segment–elevation myocardial infarction, female sex is associated with higher unadjusted in‐hospital and 1‐year death despite less extensive CAD. Further studies adjusting for comorbidities and standardizing CAD definitions are needed.