Ferreira Félix, Iuri

ABSTRACT Background The efficacy and safety of PolarX cryoballoon for pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) among patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) is unclear. Methods PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central, and ClinicalTrials.gov were systematically searched for studies comparing the PolarX vs. standard cryoballoon (CB‐2/CB‐4). Odds ratios (ORs) and mean differences (MDs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were computed for binary and continuous outcomes, respectively. Results This systematic review and meta‐analysis included 2 randomized controlled trials and 18 observational studies with a total of 7107 patients, of whom 3.188 (44.8%) underwent ablation with PolarX. When compared to standard cryoablation, PolarX had similar incidence of atrial arrhythmias recurrence (OR 1.04; 95% CI 0.82–1.32; p = 0.73), acute PVI success (OR 0.91; 95% CI 0.31–2.68; p = 0.98), and procedural duration (MD 3.41; 95% CI ‐2.89 to 9.71; p = 0.29). However, PolarX was associated with higher persistent phrenic nerve palsy (OR 2.17; 95% CI 1.26–3.74; p = 0.005) and a lower nadir temperature in all veins. Additionally, in a subgroup analysis of randomized trials and propensity score matching studies, similar findings were noted for recurrence of atrial arrhythmias. Conclusion In patients with AF undergoing PVI, PolarX had similar acute PVI success, procedural duration, and recurrence of atrial arrhythmias as compared with standard cryoballoon technology, however, was associated with a lower nadir temperature, and higher rates of persistent nerve palsy.

Summary Introduction Postoperative delirium is a common complication following cardiac surgery. Despite its known impact on patient outcomes, effective preventative strategies remain elusive. We aimed to perform a comprehensive Bayesian network meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials assessing the effect of pharmacological interventions on the incidence of postoperative delirium. Methods Databases were searched from inception to September 2024. Our search was updated in January 2025. Eligible studies included randomised controlled trials reporting the incidence of postoperative delirium in patients having cardiac surgery treated with pharmacological interventions. Bayesian models were used to estimate risk ratios (RR) and mean differences with 95%CrI through Markov chain Monte Carlo. Interventions were ranked using the surface under the cumulative ranking curve. Sensitivity analyses and grading of recommendations, assessment, development and evaluation assessment were conducted to evaluate the robustness and certainty of evidence. Results Seventy‐nine randomised controlled trials comprising 24,827 patients were included, with 29 pharmacological interventions compared. Dexmedetomidine combined with melatonin was the most effective intervention, reducing the incidence of postoperative delirium compared with placebo (risk ratio 0.31, 95%CrI 0.13–0.69; low certainty). Dexmedetomidine with melatonin also significantly decreased intensive care unit stay (2.4 days, 95%CrI ‐3.50–1.10) and hospital stay (1.32 days, 95%CrI ‐2.09 to ‐0.57). Other interventions, including ketamine and risperidone, showed potential efficacy but with low or very low certainty of evidence. Discussion We identified dexmedetomidine with melatonin as the most effective pharmacological strategy for preventing postoperative delirium following cardiac surgery. Whilst these findings highlight potential benefits, the low certainty of evidence underscores the need for more high‐quality primary evidence.

ABSTRACT Background High‐power short‐duration (HPSD) ablation has emerged as a promising alternative to conventional power delivery (CPD) for pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) among patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), though its efficacy, procedural efficiency, and safety profile remain uncertain. Aims To evaluate and compare the efficacy, procedural efficiency, and safety of HPSD versus CPD ablation strategies for PVI in patients with AF through a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Materials and Methods PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.Gov databases were systematically searched for RCTs comparing HPSD with CPD ablation for PVI in patients with AF. Random‐effects models were used to pool hazard ratios (HR) and risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). R version 4.4.2 was used for statistical analysis. Results Eight RCTs with 1094 patients (558 undergoing HPSD and 536 undergoing CPD ablation) were included. No significant differences were found in freedom from arrhythmia during the follow‐up period (HR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.41–1.45; p = 0.424). AF recurrence did not differ (RR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.59–1.16; p = 0.268) between groups. HPSD had a significantly shorter procedural (mean difference [MD]: −21.93 min; 95% CI: −31.34, −12.53; p < 0.001) and RF ablation times (MD: −13.87 min; 95% CI: −19.46, −8.27; p < 0.001). No differences were observed in fluoroscopy time and first‐pass isolation for right and left pulmonary veins. There was no difference in esophageal lesion rates, pericardial, or neurological complications, but there was a higher incidence of steam pops in HPSD (RR: 3.42; 95% CI: 1.45–8.09; p = 0.005). Discussion Although HPSD ablation did not significantly improve freedom from arrhythmia or reduce AF recurrence compared to CPD, it demonstrated enhanced procedural efficiency, with shorter procedure and RF ablation times. Despite the higher rate of steam pops, the overall safety profile was similar between both groups. Conclusion High‐power short‐duration ablation for pulmonary vein isolation in atrial fibrillation demonstrated comparable efficacy and safety to conventional power delivery, with the added benefit of shorter procedure and RF ablation times. However, HPSD ablation was associated with increased occurrence of steam pops.

Background. The Fontan procedure has transformed the management of congenital heart defects characterized by single ventricle physiology, yet it predisposes individuals to Fontan-associated liver disease. Combined heart and liver transplantation (CHLT) emerges as a therapeutic option, but evidence of its efficacy and safety remains limited. This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate CHLT in Fontan patients, focusing on patient characteristics, perioperative outcomes, and posttransplant morbidity and mortality. Methods. Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines, a systematic search of PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials was conducted. Studies meeting the intervention of CHLT in Fontan patients were included, and data were collected and synthesized using proportion meta-analysis techniques. Statistical analysis was carried out using R software. Results. Four studies met inclusion criteria, comprising 67 Fontan patients undergoing CHLT. All included studies were observational retrospective cohorts performed in the United States. The 1-y survival rate post-CHLT was 88% (95% confidence interval [CI], 70%-98%). Liver graft rejection rates were low, 4% (95% CI, 0%-22%), and no heart graft rejection greater than mild was reported. Postoperative complications included acute kidney injury 75% (95% CI, 50%-93%), temporary dialysis 27% (95% CI, 9%-51%), neurologic events 7% (95% CI, 0%-26%), infection 23% (95% CI, 3%-55%), and unplanned medical procedures 40% (95% CI, 23%-59%). Conclusions. CHLT in Fontan patients demonstrates promising survival rates, but graft rejection and postoperative complications pose challenges. The rate of renal complications is particularly notable and requires further evaluation. Future research should prioritize comparative different management strategies and long-term follow-up to refine protocols and optimize outcomes.

Abstract Importance Menopausal hormone therapy (HT) includes a wide variety of hormonal compounds, and its effect on blood pressure is still uncertain. Objective The aim of this study was to assess evidence regarding the effect of HT on blood pressure in postmenopausal women and its association with arterial hypertension. Evidence Review This systematic review and meta-analysis included randomized clinical trials and prospective observational studies. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and the incidence of hypertension were assessed. All stages were independently performed by two reviewers. For blood pressure outcome, standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated as effect measures. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I 2 statistic. The results are presented based on the HT type. The incidence of hypertension was compared using descriptive analyses. Findings Eleven studies were included with 81,041 women evaluated, of which 29,812 used HT. The meta-analysis, conducted with 8 studies and 1,718 women, showed an increase in SBP with the use of oral conjugated equine estrogens plus progestogen (SMD = 0.60 mm Hg, 95% CI = 0.19 to 1.01). However, oral or transdermal use of estradiol plus progestogen (SMD = −2.00 mm Hg, 95% CI = −7.26 to 3.27), estradiol alone, and tibolone did not show any significant effect. No significant effect on DBP was observed for any formulation. Women who used oral estrogen plus progestogen had a higher risk of incident hypertension than those who never used it. Conclusions and Relevance The effect of HT on blood pressure is influenced by the formulation used, especially the type of estrogen. The combined formulations of conjugated equine estrogens plus progestogen increased SBP and the risk of hypertension, which was not observed among estradiol plus progestogen, estradiol alone, and tibolone users.