Klein, Christine

Abstract Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) phosphorylates a subset of Rab GTPases that regulate receptor trafficking; activating mutations in LRRK2 are linked to Parkinson’s disease. Rab phosphorylation is a transient event that can be reversed by phosphatases, including PPM1H, that acts on phosphoRab8A and phosphoRab10. Here we report a phosphatome-wide siRNA screen that identified PPM1M as a phosphoRab12-preferring phosphatase that also acts on phosphoRab8A and phosphoRab10. Upon knockout from cells or mice, PPM1M displays selectivity for phosphoRab12. As shown previously for mice harboring LRRK2 pathway mutations, knockout of Ppm1m leads to primary cilia loss in striatal cholinergic interneurons. We have also identified a rare PPM1M mutation in patients with Parkinson’s disease that is catalytically inactive when tested in vitro and in cells. These findings identify PPM1M as a key player in the LRRK2 signaling pathway and provide a new therapeutic target for the possible benefit of patients with Parkinson’s disease. Teaser Parkinson’s linked Rab phosphorylation is reversed by PPM1M; the inactive D440N variant is implicated in rare patient cases.

AbstractBackgroundAs gene‐targeted therapies are increasingly being developed for Parkinson's disease (PD), identifying and characterizing carriers of specific genetic pathogenic variants is imperative. Only a small fraction of the estimated number of subjects with monogenic PD worldwide are currently represented in the literature and availability of clinical data and clinical trial‐ready cohorts is limited.ObjectiveThe objectives are to (1) establish an international cohort of affected and unaffected individuals with PD‐linked variants; (2) provide harmonized and quality‐controlled clinical characterization data for each included individual; and (3) further promote collaboration of researchers in the field of monogenic PD.MethodsWe conducted a worldwide, systematic online survey to collect individual‐level data on individuals with PD‐linked variants in SNCA, LRRK2, VPS35, PRKN, PINK1, DJ‐1, as well as selected pathogenic and risk variants in GBA and corresponding demographic, clinical, and genetic data. All registered cases underwent thorough quality checks, and pathogenicity scoring of the variants and genotype–phenotype relationships were analyzed.ResultsWe collected 3888 variant carriers for our analyses, reported by 92 centers (42 countries) worldwide. Of the included individuals, 3185 had a diagnosis of PD (ie, 1306 LRRK2, 115 SNCA, 23 VPS35, 429 PRKN, 75 PINK1, 13 DJ‐1, and 1224 GBA) and 703 were unaffected (ie, 328 LRRK2, 32 SNCA, 3 VPS35, 1 PRKN, 1 PINK1, and 338 GBA). In total, we identified 269 different pathogenic variants; 1322 individuals in our cohort (34%) were indicated as not previously published.ConclusionsWithin the MJFF Global Genetic PD Study Group, we (1) established the largest international cohort of affected and unaffected individuals carrying PD‐linked variants; (2) provide harmonized and quality‐controlled clinical and genetic data for each included individual; (3) promote collaboration in the field of genetic PD with a view toward clinical and genetic stratification of patients for gene‐targeted clinical trials. © 2023 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

Objective The aim of this study was to search for genes/variants that modify the effect of LRRK2 mutations in terms of penetrance and age‐at‐onset of Parkinson's disease. Methods We performed the first genomewide association study of penetrance and age‐at‐onset of Parkinson's disease in LRRK2 mutation carriers (776 cases and 1,103 non‐cases at their last evaluation). Cox proportional hazard models and linear mixed models were used to identify modifiers of penetrance and age‐at‐onset of LRRK2 mutations, respectively. We also investigated whether a polygenic risk score derived from a published genomewide association study of Parkinson's disease was able to explain variability in penetrance and age‐at‐onset in LRRK2 mutation carriers. Results A variant located in the intronic region of CORO1C on chromosome 12 (rs77395454; p value = 2.5E‐08, beta = 1.27, SE = 0.23, risk allele: C) met genomewide significance for the penetrance model. Co‐immunoprecipitation analyses of LRRK2 and CORO1C supported an interaction between these 2 proteins. A region on chromosome 3, within a previously reported linkage peak for Parkinson's disease susceptibility, showed suggestive associations in both models (penetrance top variant: p value = 1.1E‐07; age‐at‐onset top variant: p value = 9.3E‐07). A polygenic risk score derived from publicly available Parkinson's disease summary statistics was a significant predictor of penetrance, but not of age‐at‐onset. Interpretation This study suggests that variants within or near CORO1C may modify the penetrance of LRRK2 mutations. In addition, common Parkinson's disease associated variants collectively increase the penetrance of LRRK2 mutations. ANN NEUROL 2021;90:82–94

AbstractGenetically determined myoclonus disorders are a result of a large number of genes. They have wide clinical variation and no systematic nomenclature. With next‐generation sequencing, genetic diagnostics require stringent criteria to associate genes and phenotype. To improve (future) classification and recognition of genetically determined movement disorders, the Movement Disorder Society Task Force for Nomenclature of Genetic Movement Disorders (2012) advocates and renews the naming system of locus symbols. Here, we propose a nomenclature for myoclonus syndromes and related disorders with myoclonic jerks (hyperekplexia and myoclonic epileptic encephalopathies) to guide clinicians in their diagnostic approach to patients with these disorders. Sixty‐seven genes were included in the nomenclature. They were divided into 3 subgroups: prominent myoclonus syndromes, 35 genes; prominent myoclonus syndromes combined with another prominent movement disorder, 9 genes; disorders that present usually with other phenotypes but can manifest as a prominent myoclonus syndrome, 23 genes. An additional movement disorder is seen in nearly all myoclonus syndromes: ataxia (n = 41), ataxia and dystonia (n = 6), and dystonia (n = 5). However, no additional movement disorders were seen in related disorders. Cognitive decline and epilepsy are present in the vast majority. The anatomical origin of myoclonus is known in 64% of genetic disorders: cortical (n = 34), noncortical areas (n = 8), and both (n = 1). Cortical myoclonus is commonly seen in association with ataxia, and noncortical myoclonus is often seen with myoclonus‐dystonia. This new nomenclature of myoclonus will guide diagnostic testing and phenotype classification. © 2019 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

ABSTRACT Background Linkage analyses of families with primary familial brain calcification (formerly idiopathic basal ganglia calcification [IBGC]) identified 3 candidate loci (IBGC1‐3). Recently, SLC20A2 mutations were found in the IBGC1 and IBGC3 families, merging these 2 loci. We here elucidate the genetic cause of primary familial brain calcification in the ‘IBGC2’ kindred. Methods We sequenced known primary familial brain calcification genes and quantified SLC20A2 and PDGFB . Moreover, CT scans of affected and unaffected family members were evaluated by 2 blinded neuroradiologists for distribution of brain calcification. Results A heterozygous multiexonic SLC20A2 deletion was detected in several affected family members. A reevaluation of neuroimaging data revealed a subset of mutation‐negative individuals with only mild and/or unilateral calcification. Conclusions The identified SLC20A2 mutation resolves the genetic cause of primary familial brain calcification in the ‘IBGC2’ kindred, collapsing ‘IBGC2’ into IBGC1. We suggest an algorithm for predicting the chances of finding genetic mutations that has to be validated in further studies. Our study enhances criteria for the evaluation of neuroimaging data, contributing further to the much needed harmonization of diagnostic and research data collection in primary familial brain calcification. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

ABSTRACTBackgroundVariants within the leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 gene are recognized as the most frequent genetic cause of Parkinson's disease. Leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 variation related to disease susceptibility displays many features that reflect the nature of complex, late‐onset sporadic disorders like Parkinson's disease.MethodsThe Genetic Epidemiology of Parkinson's Disease Consortium recently performed the largest genetic association study for variants in the leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 gene across 23 different sites in 15 countries.ResultsHerein, we detail the allele frequencies for the novel risk factors (p.A419V and p.M1646T) and the protective haplotype (p.N551K‐R1398H‐K1423K) nominated in the original publication. Simple population allele frequencies not only can provide insight into the clinical relevance of specific variants but also can help genetically define patient groups.ConclusionsEstablishing individual patient‐based genomic susceptibility profiles that incorporate both risk factors and protective factors will determine future diagnostic and treatment strategies. © 2013 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society

Neural cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells from patients with genetic forms of Parkinson’s disease provide insights into disease pathogenesis.