Yoshimoto, Koji

Abstract Purpose: Knowledge of prognostic factors and long-term survival in patients with diffuse hemispheric glioma, H3 G34–mutant (DHG, H3 G34), remains limited in this tumor with a poor prognosis. Experimental Design: This retrospective, multi-institutional study investigated prognostic variables for patients with DHG, H3 G34, and their association with progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Uni- and multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were applied with multiple imputed datasets. Results: A total of 153 patients (142 G34R, 9 G34V, 2 via DNA methylation) were included. The median age at diagnosis was 17 years (range, 2–45). Initial gross/near total resection (GTR/NTR) was achieved in 43% of patients. Radiation was given in 91% (85% focal irradiation), and initial chemotherapy was given in 87% [70% temozolomide-based (TMZ), 25% TMZ/lomustine, 5% non-TMZ]. Median OS was 24 months [interquartile range (IQR), 22–28] with a median PFS of 14 months (IQR, 12–19). Twelve patients (8%) were found to be long-term survivors (≥5 years). Exploratory multivariable analysis showed that adjuvant radiotherapy [HR, 0.076; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.033–0.17] and achieving GTR/NTR compared with < NTR (HR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.33–0.78) were associated with improved PFS. Multivariable analysis showed improved OS with increasing age at diagnosis (HR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.57–0.87), initial radiotherapy (HR, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.15–0.96), and initial GTR/NTR compared with < NTR (HR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.37–0.97). Conclusions: This cohort highlights prognostic factors for patients with DHG, H3 G34, and describes relapse patterns and therapy approaches. Clinical trials and prospective registries are needed to improve outcomes.

Background:We previously found the usefulness of dural sac shrinkage signs (DSSSs), which are the anterior shift of the spinal cord and dura mater behind the cord, detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at the thoracic level for the diagnosis of spontaneous intracranial hypotension (IH). This is a retrospective survey on the usefulness of DSSSs for the early detection of iatrogenic IH caused by overdrainage through a lumboperitoneal shunt (LPS) for patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (INPH).Methods:Forty-five INPH patients had an LPS using a pressure programmable valve equipped with an anti-siphon device.Results:Nine patients complained of orthostatic headache after the LPS, indicating IH due to overdrainage, which persisted for more than a week in three patients and 2–7days in six patients. The headache was transient/ nonorthostatic in ten patients and absent in 26 patients. The DSSSs and accompanying enlargement of the venous plexus were observed in all three patients with prolonged orthostatic headaches. Only the anterior shift of the dura mater was observed in 1 (4%) among 25 patients who had short-term orthostatic headache, transient/ nonorthostatic headache, or absent headache, and underwent spinal MRI. A patient with prolonged severe orthostatic headache with both DSSSs eventually developed intracranial subdural effusion and underwent tandem valve surgery, which provided a quick improvement of symptoms. The DSSSs on thoracic MRI also disappeared promptly.Conclusion:DSSSs may serve as objective signs for the diagnosis of IH due to overdrainage through an LPS for INPH.

Background: Giant perivascular spaces (PVSs) are very rare condition in the brain and can be associated with neurological symptoms. It often enlarges and causes obstructive hydrocephalus which requires surgical intervention. However, the growth velocity has never been investigated. Case Description: Here, we report a woman in her early eighties with giant PVSs eventually followed up 17 years. She presented with dizziness and mild headache for a week and her neurological examination showed no abnormality. Her brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a multiple cystic lesion, 28 mm in maximum diameter as a whole, in the left mesencephalothalamic region. There were no solid part, rim enhancement, or perilesional intensity change suggesting edema or gliosis. Smaller PVSs were also seen in bilateral-hippocampi, basal ganglia, white matter, and left frontal operculum. Retrospectively, five MRI studies over 17 years were analyzed using a 3-D volumetric software and found a very slow growth of the lesion, from 6.54 ml to 9.83 ml indicating gain of 0.1752 ml (2.68%) per year. Conclusion: This is the first report verifying a gradual enlargement of giant PVSs in a natural course. The prospective 3-D volumetric analysis on PVSs may elucidate the true nature of these lesions.

Background: Accurate diagnosis of brain tumor is crucial for adequate surgical strategy. Our institution follows a comprehensive preoperative evaluation based on clinical and imaging information. Methods: To assess the precision of preoperative diagnosis, we compared the “top three list” of differential diagnosis (the first, second, and third diagnoses according to the WHO 2007 classification including grading) of 1061 brain tumors, prospectively and consecutively registered in preoperative case conferences from 2010 to the end of 2017, with postoperative pathology reports. Results: The correct diagnosis rate (sensitivity) of the first diagnosis was 75.8% in total. The sensitivity of the first diagnosis was high (84–94%) in hypothalamic-pituitary and extra-axial tumors, 67–75% in intra-axial tumors, and relatively low (29–42%) in intraventricular and pineal region tumors. Among major three intra-axial tumors, the sensitivity was highest in brain metastasis: 83.8% followed by malignant lymphoma: 81.4% and glioblastoma multiforme: 73.1%. Sensitivity was generally low (≦60%) in other gliomas. These sensitivities generally improved when the second and third diagnoses were included; 86.3% in total. Positive predictive value (PPV) was 76.9% in total. All the three preoperative diagnoses were incorrect in 3.4% (36/1061) of cases even when broader brain tumor classification was applied. Conclusion: Our institutional experience on precision of preoperative diagnosis appeared around 75% of sensitivity and PPV for brain tumor. Sensitivity improved by 10% when the second and third diagnoses were included. Neurosurgeons should be aware of these features of precision in preoperative differential diagnosis of a brain tumor for better surgical strategy and to adequately inform the patients.