Tomsick, Thomas A.

Background and Purpose —Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a highly morbid disease process. Perihematomal edema is reported to contribute to clinical deterioration and death. Recent experimental observations indicate that clotting of the intrahematomal blood is the essential prerequisite for hyperacute perihematomal edema formation rather than blood-brain barrier disruption. Methods —We compared a series of patients with spontaneous ICH (SICH) to a series of patients with thrombolysis-related ICH (TICH). All patients were imaged within 3 hours of clinical onset. We reviewed relevant neuroimaging features, emphasizing and quantifying perihematomal edema. We then analyzed clinical and radiological differences between the 2 ICH types and determined whether these factors were associated with perihematomal edema. Results —TICHs contained visible perihematomal edema less than half as often as SICHs (31% versus 69%, P <0.001) and had both lower absolute edema volumes (0 cc [25th, 75th percentiles: 0, 6] versus 6 cc [0, 13], P <0.0001) and relative edema volumes (0.16 [0.10, 0.33] versus 0.55 [0.40, 0.83], P <0.0001). Compared with SICHs, TICHs were 3 times larger in volume (median [25th, 75th percentiles] volume 69 cc [30, 106] versus 21 cc [8, 45], P <0.0001), 4 times more frequently lobar in location (62% versus 15%, P <0.001), 80 times more frequently contained blood-fluid level(s) (86% versus 1%, P <0.001), and were more frequently multifocal (22% versus 0%, P <0.001). Conclusions —The striking qualitative and quantitative lack of perihematomal edema observed in the thrombolysis-related ICHs compared with the SICHs provides the first substantial, although indirect, human evidence that intrahematomal blood clotting is a plausible pathogenetic factor in hyperacute perihematomal edema formation.

Background and Purpose —The volume of ischemic stroke on CT scans has been studied in a standardized fashion in acute stroke therapy trials with median volumes between 10.5 to 55 cm 3 . The volume of first-ever ischemic stroke in the population is not known. Methods —The first phase of the population-based Greater Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky Stroke Study identified all ischemic strokes occurring in blacks in the greater Cincinnati region between January and June of 1993. The patients in this phase of the study who had a first-ever ischemic clinical stroke were identified, and the volume of ischemic stroke was measured. Results —There were 257 verified clinical cases of ischemic stroke, of which 181 had a first-ever ischemic infarct. Imaging was available for 150 of these patients, and 79 had an infarct on the CT or MRI study that was definitely or possibly related to the clinical symptoms. For these patients, volumetric measurements were performed by means of the modified ellipsoid method. The median volume of first-ever ischemic stroke for the 79 patients was 2.5 cm 3 (interquartile range, 0.5 to 8.8 cm 3 ). There was a significant relation between location of lesion and infarct size ( P <0.001) and between volume and mechanism of stroke ( P =0.001). Conclusions —The volume of first-ever ischemic stroke among blacks in our population-based study is smaller than has been previously reported in acute stroke therapy trials. The large proportion of small, mild strokes in blacks may be an important reason for the low percentage of patients who meet the inclusion criteria for tissue plasminogen activator. Further study is necessary to see if these results are generalizable to a multiracial population.

Background and Purpose —The safety and the effectiveness of the surgical treatment of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) remain controversial. To investigate the feasibility of urgent surgical evacuation of ICH, we conducted a small, randomized feasibility study of early surgical treatment versus current nonoperative management in patients with spontaneous supratentorial ICH. Methods —Patients with spontaneous supratentorial ICH who presented to 1 university and 2 community hospitals were randomized to surgical treatment or best medical treatment. Principal eligibility criteria were ICH volume >10 cm 3 on baseline CT scan with a focal neurological deficit, Glasgow Coma Scale score >4 at the time of enrollment, randomization and therapy within 24 hours of symptom onset, surgery within 3 hours of randomization, and no evidence for ruptured aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation. The primary end point was the 3-month Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS). A good outcome was defined as a 3-month GOS score >3. Results —Twenty patients were randomized over 24 months, 9 to surgical intervention and 11 to medical treatment. The median time from onset of symptoms to presentation at the treating hospitals was 3 hours and 17 minutes, the time from randomization to surgery was 1 hour and 20 minutes, and the time from onset of symptoms to surgery was 8 hours and 35 minutes. The likelihood of a good outcome (primary outcome measure: GOS score >3) for the surgical treatment group (56%) did not differ significantly from the medical treatment group (36%). There was no significant difference in mortality at 3 months. Analysis of the secondary 3-month outcome measures showed a nonsignificant trend toward a better outcome in the surgical treatment group versus the medical treatment group for the median GOS, Barthel Index, and Rankin Scale and a significant difference in the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score (4 versus 14; P =0.04). Conclusions —Very early surgical treatment for acute ICH is difficult to achieve but feasible at academic medical centers and community hospitals. The trend toward less 3-month morbidity with surgical intervention in patients with spontaneous supratentorial ICH warrants further investigation of very early clot removal in larger randomized clinical trials.

Background and Purpose— Multiple approaches are being studied to enhance the rate of thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke. Treatment of myocardial infarction with a combination of a reduced-dose fibrinolytic agent and a glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist has been shown to improve the rate of recanalization versus fibrinolysis alone. The c ombined approach to l ysis utilizing e ptifibatide a nd r ecombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) (CLEAR) stroke trial assessed the safety of treating acute ischemic stroke patients within 3 hours of symptom onset with this combination. Methods— The CLEAR trial was a National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke–funded multicenter, double-blind, randomized, dose-escalation and safety study. Patients were randomized 3:1 to either low-dose rt-PA (tier 1=0.3 mg/kg, tier 2=0.45 mg/kg) plus eptifibatide (75 μg/kg bolus followed by 0.75 μg/kg per min infusion for 2 hours) or standard-dose rt-PA (0.9 mg/kg). The primary safety end point was the incidence of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage within 36 hours. Secondary analyses were performed regarding clinical efficacy. Results— Ninety-four patients (40 in tier 1 and 54 in tier 2) were enrolled. The combination group of the 2 dose tiers (n=69) had a median age of 71 years and a median baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score of 14, and the standard-dose rt-PA group (n=25) had a median age of 61 years and a median baseline NIHSS score of 10 ( P =0.01 for NIHSS score). Fifty-two (75%) of the combination treatment group and 24 (96%) of the standard treatment group had a baseline modified Rankin scale score of 0 ( P =0.04). There was 1 (1.4%; 95% CI, 0% to 4.3%) symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage in the combination group and 2 (8.0%; 95% CI, 0% to 19.2%) in the rt-PA–only arm ( P =0.17). During randomization in tier 2, a review by the independent data safety monitoring board demonstrated that the safety profile of combination therapy at the tier 2 doses was such that further enrollment was statistically unlikely to indicate inadequate safety for the combination treatment group, the ultimate outcome of the study. Thus, the study was halted. There was a trend toward increased clinical efficacy of standard-dose rt-PA compared with the combination treatment group. Conclusions— The safety of the combination of reduced-dose rt-PA plus eptifibatide justifies further dose-ranging trials in acute ischemic stroke.

Background and Purpose— The natural history of perihematomal edema in human hyperacute spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has not been well described. Methods— This study was a secondary analysis of a previously reported prospective, population-based study of hematoma growth in 142 patients with spontaneous ICH. Patients were first imaged within 3 hours of onset, then 1 and 20 hours later. We excluded patients with anticoagulant use (n=7), underlying aneurysm/vascular malformation (n=9), trauma (n=1), incomplete data (n=20), infratentorial ICH (n=17), and no consent (n=2), leaving an overall study population of 86 patients. From this overall group we further excluded patients with intraventricular extension (n=38), subsequent surgery (n=5), or death (n=2) before 20-hour postbaseline CT. This second, “restricted” analysis group of 41 patients was relatively devoid of clinical or radiological variables likely to confound edema measurement. Absolute and relative edema volumes (edema volume divided by hematoma volume) were descriptively summarized. Correlations between baseline edema volumes and relevant clinical and radiological variables were then performed. Results— Overall, median absolute edema volume increased from 6.93 to 14.4 cm 3 during the first 24 hours after ICH, and median relative edema volume increased from 0.47 to 0.81. In the restricted group, median absolute edema volume was 7.4 cm 3 at baseline and 11.0 cm 3 at 24 hours after ICH, and median relative edema volume increased from 0.55 to 0.81. Baseline relative edema volume was significantly negatively correlated with subsequent change in relative edema volume from baseline to 20-hour CT ( r =0.57, P =0.0002) but was not significantly correlated with other clinical and radiological variables, including hematoma volume or change in hematoma volume. Conclusions— Perihematomal edema volume increases by approximately 75% during the first 24 hours after hyperacute spontaneous ICH. Patients with the least amounts of baseline relative edema volume were most likely to develop significant additional amounts of edema during the first 24 hours after spontaneous ICH.

Background and Purpose— Little is known about the relationship between perihematomal edema in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and outcome. The purpose of this study was to determine whether absolute or relative edema volume (edema volume divided by hematoma volume) predicts mortality or functional outcome in patients with hyperacute spontaneous ICH. We hypothesized that increasing baseline relative edema volume is associated with greater probability of poor functional outcome. Methods— This was a secondary analysis of a prospective, population-based study of hematoma growth in 142 patients with spontaneous ICH. Patients were imaged within 3 hours of onset, then 1 and 20 hours later. Our primary analysis excluded patients with anticoagulant use (n=7), underlying aneurysm/vascular malformation (n=9), trauma (n=1), incomplete data (n=20), infratentorial ICH (n=17), intraventricular extension (n=38), and no consent (n=2). We analyzed whether associations existed between baseline edema volumes or other clinical/radiological variables and either 12-week modified Rankin Scale score >2 or 30-day mortality. Secondary analyses used 20-hour CT scan data, all patients with supratentorial ICH, and 12-week Barthel Index score <85. Results— By multivariable logistic regression analysis, baseline relative edema was the strongest independent predictor of functional outcome and was associated with lesser odds of poor 3-month functional outcome (odds ratio, 0.09 per 1.0-unit [100%] increase; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.64; P =0.016) and 12-week Barthel Index score <85 (odds ratio, 0.12; 95% CI, 0.02 to 0.91; P =0.039) but did not predict mortality. Secondary analyses confirmed this result. Absolute edema volume predicted neither mortality nor functional outcome. Conclusions— Relative edema is strongly predictive of functional outcome in patients with hyperacute supratentorial spontaneous ICH without intraventricular extension.