Baylis, Adriane L.

Obstructive sleep disordered breathing (oSDB), including obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), frequently coexists with cleft lip and palate, velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI), and other craniofacial conditions. Moreover, oSDB is often a key factor in decisions for primary or revision cleft palate or velpharyngeal surgery. Due to the frequency with which cleft and craniofacial team members care for patients with oSDB, this article provides a primer for OSA evaluation and management for team members. oSDB can have a significant impact on quality of life, health outcomes, surgical planning, and global development for all children, especially those with cleft and craniofacial conditions. In this review, oSDB screening and testing methods are discussed, including interpretation of OSA testing. Considerations for specific craniofacial populations are included, such as those with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and Pierre-Robin sequence. The impact of VPI surgery on OSA is discussed. Finally, approaches to OSA management are reviewed, with attention to how standard management approaches may shift in children with cleft and craniofacial conditions. As awareness of oSDB in children has increased, including increased access to diagnostic testing, studies have shown certain patient populations are more likely to have OSA and would benefit from screening. Children with craniofacial conditions, including cleft palate and velopharyngeal insufficiency, have altered risk profiles which impact management considerations for OSA. This article provides an introduction to key concepts in oSDB screening, diagnositics, and management, which can be valuable for any professional assisting in the care of children with a cleft or craniofacial condition.

Background: There remains significant uncertainty about the fistula rate following palate repair with the Furlow double opposing Z-plasty (Furlow DOZ) technique compared with a straight-line/mucosal incision with intravelar veloplasty (IVVP) technique. Moreover, the relative impact of technique and surgical skill on fistula incidence remains unclear. Methods: A prospective, observational study of cleft palate repair was conducted. Enrollment occurred at 18 U.S.-based cleft centers, including 64 cleft surgeons. The primary outcome was postoperative fistula. Results: Overall, 1219 participants underwent cleft palate repair, 1178 of whom presented for follow-up. Of these, 581 (49.3%) underwent palate repair with the Furlow DOZ technique, 483 (41.0%) with the straight-line/IVVP technique, and 114 (9.7%) with an alternative technique. The overall fistula incidence was 5.3% (62 of 1162 analyzed for fistula occurrence). The fistula incidence was significantly lower in the Furlow DOZ group (2.4% [14 of 564]) than in the straight-line/IVVP group (7.8% [37 of 427]), with a propensity score–weighted risk difference of 5.7% (95% CI, 1.6% to 9.9%; P = 0.007). The fistula incidence varied substantially among surgeons: the top quartile’s fistula rate was 0% (0 fistulas among 417 repairs), whereas the bottom quartile’s fistula rate was 18.9% (31 fistulas among 164 repairs). Conclusions: Fistula incidence following cleft palate repair was significantly lower when using the Furlow DOZ technique, compared with the straight-line/IVVP technique. The effect of surgical technique was smaller, however, than the variation observed between the top and bottom quartiles of surgeons. These findings suggest that changing surgical technique may lead to small changes in fistula incidence, but greater opportunities exist to improve outcomes by improving surgical skill.

Background Collection of high-quality videorecorded speech samples is essential for speech outcomes research. Solution Cleft palate team SLPs were trained to collect standard videorecorded speech samples in the clinic setting across 20 sites in North America. Standard training and equipment was provided. What We Did That is New Quality management procedures were developed and utilized to verify video quality and protocol adherence. Over 97% of speech samples collected by trained SLPs met defined quality standards.

Objective To present the design and methodology for an actively enrolling comparative effectiveness study of revision palatoplasty versus pharyngoplasty for the treatment of velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) Design Prospective observational multicenter study Setting Twelve hospitals across the United States and Canada Participants Individuals who are 3–23 years of age with a history of repaired cleft palate and a diagnosis of VPI, with a total enrollment target of 528 participants Interventions Revision palatoplasty and pharyngoplasty (either pharyngeal flap or sphincter pharyngoplasty), as selected for each participant by their treatment team Main Outcome Measure(s) The primary outcome is resolution of hypernasality, defined as the absence of consistent hypernasality as determined by blinded perceptual assessment of a standard speech sample recorded twelve months after surgery. The secondary outcome is incidence of new onset obstructive sleep apnea. Statistical analyses will use propensity score matching to control for demographics, medical history, preoperative severity of hypernasality, and preoperative imaging findings. Results Study recruitment began February 2021. As of September 2022, 148 participants are enrolled, and 78 have undergone VPI surgery. Enrollment is projected to continue into 2025. Collection of postoperative evaluations should be completed by the end of 2026, with dissemination of results soon thereafter. Conclusions Patients with VPI following cleft palate repair are being actively enrolled at sites across the US and Canada into a prospective observational study evaluating surgical outcomes. This study will be the largest and most comprehensive study of VPI surgery outcomes to date.

Objective To describe current postoperative management practices following cleft palate repair. Design A survey was administered to cleft surgeons to collect information on their demographic characteristics, surgical training, surgical practice, and postoperative management preferences. Setting Eighteen tertiary referral hospitals across the United States. Participants: Surgeons (n = 67) performing primary cleft palate repair. Results Postoperative diet restrictions were imposed by 92% of surgeons; pureed foods were allowed at one week after surgery by 90% of surgeons; a regular diet was allowed at one month by 80% of surgeons. Elbow immobilizers and/or mittens were used by 85% of surgeons, for a median duration of two weeks. There was significant disagreement about postoperative use of bottles (61% allow), sippy cups (68% allow), pacifiers (29% allow), and antibiotics (45% prescribe). Surgeon specialty was not associated with any aspect of postoperative management ( p > 0.05 for all comparisons). Surgeon years in practice, a measure of surgeon experience, was associated only with sippy cup use ( p < 0.01). The hospital at which the surgeon practiced was associated with diet restrictions ( p < 0.01), bottle use ( p < 0.01), and use of elbow immobilizers or mittens ( p < 0.01); however, many hospitals still had disagreement among their surgeons. Conclusions Surgeons broadly agree on diet restrictions and the use of elbow immobilizers or mittens following palate repair. Almost all other aspects of postoperative management, including the type and duration of diet restriction as well as the duration of immobilizer use, are highly individualized.