Arnold, Susan

Abstract Spontaneously arising canine high-grade gliomas (cHGG) offer a clinically relevant model for human glioblastoma, sharing conserved histopathological, genetic, and immunological traits. We established two cHGG cell lines and two canine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell (cAMSC) lines, and immune-competent 3D cHGG organoid models. Immunoblotting of cHGG cell lines showed that these models exhibit hallmark GBM features including SOX2, Nestin, GFAP, and activation of PI3K/AKT and p53 pathways. Given the established cytotoxic and differentiation-inducing effects of BMP4 in human GBM cell lines, we evaluated whether our canine glioma models recapitulate these responses to assess their translational relevance. BMP4 treatment of cHGG cells induced significant cytotoxicity and reduced migration, accompanied by downregulation of SOX2 and Nestin, upregulation of GFAP, and suppression of CDK6 and phospho-AKT—hallmarks of reduced stemness and astrocytic differentiation. In human-derived GBM cells, BMP4 enhanced radiosensitivity, likely via differentiation and depletion of therapy-resistant stem-like populations. Our cHGG models mirrored these molecular responses, suggesting a conserved BMP4 signaling axis in canine glioma. Quantitative phase imaging showed that BMP4 treatment was non-toxic to cAMSCs and did not impair their migration, supporting the feasibility of engineering cAMSC-BMP4 for therapeutic delivery. Observed molecular traits in canine and human gliomas—including mutually exclusive mutations in PDGFRA and PIK3CA, and shared expression of TP53, PTEN, p21, Rb1, mTOR, and MAPK—underscore the translational relevance of the cHGG model. High-content imaging further confirmed expression of p-AKT, p53, MDM2, and CD44 in cHGG lines, reinforcing activation of conserved gliomagenic pathways. To complement these findings, we developed a cHGG 3D organoids from freshly resected tumors, that recapitulate tumor heterogeneity with co-localized GFAP+/Nestin+ glioma cells, CD3+ infiltrating T cells, macrophages and cleaved caspase-3+ apoptotic cells, indicating active immune surveillance and ongoing programmed cell death. Our results support canine GBM model as a platform to assess glioma biology, cell therapy, and modeling immune engagement in a species-relevant, physiologically intact environment for streamlined translation of therapeutics to human clinical trials.

Abstract Lutetium Dotatate radiopharmaceutical therapy (Lutathera) was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration in 2018 and is used to treat somatostatin receptor positive neuroendocrine tumors. With all new radiopharmaceutical therapies, the radiation exposure to members of the public from the patient who received the therapy must be within regulatory limits and safe. If the patient will expose members of the public to too much radiation, the therapy must be performed on an inpatient basis. This paper shows that the administration of Lutathera can be done on an outpatient basis and provides safety and travel restrictions that should be communicated to the patient prior to leaving. The guidance presented herein serves as a basis for medical institutions looking to use Lutathera to treat patients.