Hatabu, Hiroto

Abstract Rationale Interstitial lung abnormalities (ILA) are abnormal findings on chest CT scans that may represent early-stages of interstitial lung disease. The presence of fibrosis (traction bronchiectasis and/or honeycombing) identifies those with ILA at an increased risk for mortality, however, determining who will progress remains a challenge, and the role of blood-based biomarkers in ILA risk-stratification is unknown. Methods Data from four prospective cohort studies were used to identify associations between plasma proteins measured with DNA aptamers (SomaScan) and ILA, fibrosis, and mortality. The Genetic Epidemiology of COPD Study (COPDGene) was used to identify protein associations, and findings were replicated by meta-analysis of the Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility-Reykjavik study (AGES-Reykjavik), SubPopulations and InteRmediate Outcome Measures in COPD Study (SPIROMICS), and Framingham Heart Study (FHS). Protein associations with ILA and with fibrotic ILA compared to non-fibrotic ILA were performed using multivariable logistic regression; among those with ILA, Cox proportional hazards models were used to identify protein associations with mortality. Models were adjusted for age, gender, race, BMI, smoking status, pack-year smoking history, and for mortality, COPD. Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate p-values <0.05 were considered significant. Results 524 (10.7%) of 4,899 COPDGene participants had ILA, of whom 57 (10.9%) had fibrosis; of 8,146 AGES-Reykjavik, SPIROMICS and FHS participants included in the meta-analysis, 666 (8.2%) had ILA, of whom 198 (29.7%) had fibrosis. In COPDGene, 230 proteins were associated with ILA; the most significant of which were SFTPD (adjusted odds ratio per standard deviation [SD] of protein [OR]=2.21, p = 3.7E-41) and SFTPB (OR = 1.82, p = 7.9E-37). In the meta-analysis, 159 of the ILA-associated proteins were replicated. Of the 230 ILA-associated proteins in COPDGene, 9 were associated with fibrosis, and 5 of these 9 proteins were associated with mortality among those with ILA. The 5 proteins associated with all three outcomes were WFDC2 (ORILA=1.90, p = 2.6E-34; ORFibrosis=2.00, p = 0.0001; adjusted hazards of mortality per SD of protein [HR]=1.59, p = 3.4E-05), GDF15 (ORILA=1.67, p = 3.6E-23; ORFibrosis=1.78, p = 0.0006; HR = 1.63, p = 1.4E-06), SCGB3A1 (ORILA=1.52, p = 4.5e-14; ORFibrosis=1.80, p = 0.0002; HR = 1.25, p = 0.02), TREM1 (ORILA=1.44, p = 1.4e-14; ORFibrosis=1.62, p = 0.001; HR = 1.25, p = 0.02) ICAM5 (ORILA=1.42, p = 1.2e-11; ORFibrosis=1.79, p = 0.0001; HR = 1.31, p = 0.002). In the meta-analysis, 6 of the 9 fibrosis-associated proteins and all 5 ILA mortality-associated proteins replicated. Conclusion This represents the first plasma proteomic screen demonstrating reproducible biomarker associations not only with ILA presence, but also with measures of severity and adverse outcomes. These results provide compelling targets for further study, including their prospective evaluation as clinical biomarkers for early disease identification and prognostication. This abstract is funded by: Multiple Sources

Abstract Rationale In addition to rare genetic variants and the MUC5B locus, common genetic variants contribute to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) risk. The predictive power of common variants outside the MUC5B locus for IPF and interstitial lung abnormalities (ILAs) is unknown. Objectives We tested the predictive value of IPF polygenic risk scores (PRSs) with and without the MUC5B region on IPF, ILA, and ILA progression. Methods We developed PRSs that included (PRS-M5B) and excluded (PRS-NO-M5B) the MUC5B region (500-kb window around rs35705950-T) using an IPF genome-wide association study. We assessed PRS associations with area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) metrics for IPF, ILA, and ILA progression. Measurements and Main Results We included 14,650 participants (1,970 IPF; 1,068 ILA) from six multi-ancestry population-based and case–control cohorts. In cases excluded from genome-wide association study, the PRS-M5B (odds ratio [OR] per SD of the score, 3.1; P = 7.1 × 10−95) and PRS-NO-M5B (OR per SD, 2.8; P = 2.5 × 10−87) were associated with IPF. Participants in the top PRS-NO-M5B quintile had ∼sevenfold odds for IPF compared with those in the first quintile. A clinical model predicted IPF (AUC, 0.61); rs35705950-T and PRS-NO-M5B demonstrated higher AUCs (0.73 and 0.7, respectively), and adding both genetic predictors to a clinical model yielded the highest performance (AUC, 0.81). The PRS-NO-M5B was associated with ILA (OR, 1.25) and ILA progression (OR, 1.16) in European ancestry participants. Conclusions A common genetic variant risk score complements the MUC5B variant to identify individuals at high risk of interstitial lung abnormalities and pulmonary fibrosis.

There are physiological consequences of overeating that can lead to increased morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this review article is to acquaint the reader with the current state of the art in the non–cardiac-gated, noncontrast chest computed tomographic (NCCT) imaging biomarkers of the metabolic syndrome and their prognostic significance found in the lower neck and chest. NCCT imaging biomarkers associated with metabolic syndrome in the chest include premature coronary artery calcification, acceleration of large vessel arterial and valvular calcifications associated with atherosclerosis, and pulmonary arterial enlargement from pulmonary hypertension associated with sleep apnea. These easily identified imaging biomarkers have prognostic implications for major adverse cardiac events (MACE). These NCCT chest-imaging biomarkers are likely targets for artificial intelligence algorithms to harvest for longitudinal assessment of their individual and multifactorial contributions to chronic disease, MACE, and mortality. Early recognition and treatment of these common disorders may help improve patient outcomes and quality of life while decreasing medical costs.