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ABSTRACT Background Previous studies have shown an increased prevalence of eosinophilic gastrointestinal disease (EGID) in pediatric liver and heart transplant recipients. However, EGID after other solid organ and bone marrow transplantations has not been extensively evaluated. Aims The purpose of this study is to determine relationships between subsets of EGID with different solid organ and bone marrow transplants in pediatric patients. Methods We performed a single‐center retrospective chart review of pediatric patients with transplant and EGID between 2007 and 2023. For comparison between transplant groups, ANOVA was used for statistical analysis of continuous variables, and Fisher's exact test was used for categorical variables. Results There were 30 patients with EGID (eosinophilic esophagitis [EoE] = 21; eosinophilic gastritis [EoG] = 4; EoE + EoG = 3; EoE + eosinophilic colitis [EoC] = 1; eosinophilic duodenitis [EoD] = 1) and history of transplant (liver = 15; heart = 9; bone marrow = 3; multivisceral liver + small bowel + pancreas = 2; kidney = 1). When comparing the transplant groups, there was a significant difference in EoE + EoG incidence ( p = 0.011), specifically, EoE + EoG was present in 2 (100%) multivisceral and in 1/15 (7%) liver transplant patients. A statistically significant difference in the presence of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and oral allergy syndrome between groups was noted ( p = 0.036, p = 0.033). There was no significant difference in the symptoms leading to EGID work‐up: incidence; morphologic features; achievement of histologic remission; medications; or family history of atopy between groups. Conclusion This retrospective biopsy‐confirmed cohort demonstrates that EGID subtype varies by transplant type, with higher rates of EoE + EoG in multivisceral recipients. Findings are exploratory and hypothesis‐generating; larger multicenter studies including more non‐liver and non‐heart transplant patients are needed.

Background Diagnosis of non-esophageal eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders requires quantification of tissue eosinophils. Our objective was to evaluate eosinophil peroxidase (EPX) immunohistochemistry (IHC) as a method for histologic diagnosis of eosinophilic gastritis (EG) and eosinophilic duodenitis (EoD). Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of biopsies from pediatric EG/EoD cases and controls. Subjects with EG or EoD had ≥30 eosinophils per high power field (eos/hpf) in ≥5 hpf in the stomach and/or ≥3 hpf in the duodenum, respectively. Controls had no histopathologic diagnosis recorded. Tissue eosinophil counts were assessed by hematoxylin & eosin stains. EPX stains were assessed using a unique histopathologic scoring system. Slides were digitized and EPX+ staining area/mm 2 was quantified by image analysis. Results Twenty-six EG/EoD cases and 40 controls were analyzed. EPX scores and EPX/mm 2 levels were markedly elevated in EG/EoD (p ≤ 0.0001). Eosinophil density (eos/mm 2 ) correlated strongly with EPX scores and EPX/mm 2 levels in the stomach (r ≥ 0.77) and moderately with EPX scores and EPX/mm 2 levels in the duodenum (r ≥ 0.52); (p < 0.0001). EPX quantification identified EG/EoD subjects with high diagnostic accuracy (EPX score: AUC = 1 for EG and EoD; EPX/mm 2 : AUC = 0.98 (95%CI 0.96-1) for EG, AUC = 0.91 (95%CI 0.81-1) for EoD). Conclusion EPX-based assessment of eosinophilic inflammation may facilitate automated histologic diagnosis.

Millions of patients seek medical attention for diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, and abdominal pain. In the current environment, it is important to recognize that these symptoms may be the only manifestation or may precede more serious systemic complications of COVID-19. Herein, we describe the first case of ischemic colitis (IC) in a young adult who presented with diarrhea and highlight the laboratory pitfalls for patients with COVID-19 presenting with gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms.

Background: Food protein‐induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) is a non-immunoglobulin E mediated food allergy that typically presents with repetitive emesis and may be associated with lethargy, marked pallor, hypotension, hypothermia, and/or diarrhea. Although many foods are known to cause FPIES, peanut-triggered FPIES is emerging due to changes in the feeding practice guidelines, which recommends early peanut introduction in infants. Objective: We aimed to characterize peanut-triggered acute FPIES cases in our pediatric population and to describe their attributes, treatment, and outcomes. We hypothesized that increases in the incidence of peanut-triggered FPIES coincided with implementation of the guidelines for early peanut introduction. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted of pediatric patients who presented to Phoenix Children’s Hospital Emergency Department and subspecialty clinics during a 6-year period (January 2013 to September 2019). Results: Thirty-three cases of patients with acute FPIES were identified, five of which were peanut triggered. In those patients with peanut-triggered FPIES, the median age for peanut introduction was 7 months (range, 5‐24 months). Two patients had positive peanut skin-prick test results. All five cases were identified in the past 2 years (2018 to 2019). No peanut-triggered reactions were documented in the preceding 4-year period (2013 to 2017). Conclusion: Peanut may be an emerging trigger of acute FPIES, coinciding with an earlier introduction of peanut in the infant diet after implementation of the new addendum guidelines for the prevention of peanut allergy. Oats and rice were the most common triggers of acute FPIES in our cohort. Further study will help clarify the significance and reproducibility of these findings.

ABSTRACTObjective:Differentiation between the common etiologies of dense esophageal eosinophilia such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and eosinophilic esophagitis can be difficult. We hypothesized that histologic features may provide diagnostic clues concerning the etiology of esophageal eosinophilia.Methods:We performed a retrospective chart review of 204 children with the diagnosis of esophagitis characterized by ≥15 eosinophils (eos) per high‐power field (HPF) in at least 1 biopsy. We then restricted our analysis to subjects who had received at least 8 weeks of only proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) followed by endoscopy and who had a clinicopathologic response to this treatment. Symptoms, endoscopic findings, and pathologic descriptions were reviewed and an eosinophil peroxidase (EPX) index was determined to assess for degranulation/eosinophil activation.Results:Of the 204 identified charts, 7 subjects identified met the inclusion criteria. Five of these 7 patients showed a clinicopathologic response to PPIs after their follow‐up endoscopy, (mean peak eosinophil count: 92 vs 5 eos/HPF, and EPX index: 39.2 vs 14.6, pre‐ and posttreatment, respectively). Two patients experienced initial resolution of symptoms and esophageal eosinophilia with PPI therapy; however, within 17–23 months they redeveloped symptoms and esophageal eosinophilia while receiving PPI therapy at the time of a third endoscopy (mean peak eosinophil count: 40 vs 11 vs 36 eos/HPF, and EPX index: 44 vs 21 vs 36.5, pre‐, post‐ and posttreatment, respectively). No clinicopathologic features or degranulation patterns differentiated subjects with GERD/PPI responsive esophageal eosinophilia from those who had transient response to PPI treatment.Conclusions:No clinicopathologic features differentiated subjects who responded to PPI treatment. PPI treatment can be helpful to exclude GERD and PPI responsive esophageal eosinophilia but long‐term follow‐up is critical in the management of esophagitis.

Objective Eosinophil predominant inflammation characterises histological features of eosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE). Endoscopy with biopsy is currently the only method to assess oesophageal mucosal inflammation in EoE. We hypothesised that measurements of luminal eosinophil-derived proteins would correlate with oesophageal mucosal inflammation in children with EoE. Design The Enterotest diagnostic device was used to develop an oesophageal string test (EST) as a minimally invasive clinical device. EST samples and oesophageal mucosal biopsies were obtained from children undergoing upper endoscopy for clinically defined indications. Eosinophil-derived proteins including eosinophil secondary granule proteins (major basic protein-1, eosinophil-derived neurotoxin, eosinophil cationic protein, eosinophil peroxidase) and Charcot–Leyden crystal protein/galectin-10 were measured by ELISA in luminal effluents eluted from ESTs and extracts of mucosal biopsies. Results ESTs were performed in 41 children with active EoE (n=14), EoE in remission (n=8), gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (n=4) and controls with normal oesophagus (n=15). EST measurement of eosinophil-derived protein biomarkers significantly distinguished between children with active EoE, treated EoE in remission, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and normal oesophagus. Levels of luminal eosinophil-derived proteins in EST samples significantly correlated with peak and mean oesophageal eosinophils/high power field (HPF), eosinophil peroxidase indices and levels of the same eosinophil-derived proteins in extracts of oesophageal biopsies. Conclusions The presence of eosinophil-derived proteins in luminal secretions is reflective of mucosal inflammation in children with EoE. The EST is a novel, minimally invasive device for measuring oesophageal eosinophilic inflammation in children with EoE.