Citations

Background: Lymphaticovenous anastomosis (LVA) is an effective surgical treatment for extremity lymphedema. Indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescent lymphography, the traditional standard for imaging lymphatic vessels, has limitations, including difficulty depicting deeper or congested lymphatics and contraindication in iodine hypersensitivity. This study evaluated contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) with microbubbles for identifying lymphatic vessels for LVA and compared it with ICG lymphography. Methods: In this single-center retrospective review, intraoperative CEUS with intradermal injection of microbubble suspension (Lumason, Bracco Diagnostics, Inc.) was used in patients before LVA surgery between October 2019 and February 2023. Pre- or intraoperative ICG lymphography was also used to identify target lymphatic vessels. All patients diagnosed with primary or secondary extremity lymphedema who underwent LVA were included. Technical success rate was defined as lymphatic vessels identified by CEUS that led to successful LVAs. Descriptive statistics were used. Results: Thirty-two patients underwent LVA surgery, with a mean age of 58.5 ± 13.9 years. CEUS identified lymphatic vessels in all 32 patients, including 7 in whom ICG failed. Two patients with ICG allergy underwent CEUS only. CEUS identified more candidate lymphatics per patient (5.3 ± 4.2) compared with ICG (2.5 ± 2.7). Of the 182 anastomoses, 96 (52.8%) were identified by both CEUS and ICG, 75 (41.2%) by CEUS only, and 11 (6%) by ICG only. Conclusions: CEUS is a promising tool for identifying lymphatic vessels in patients with lymphedema undergoing LVA, particularly when ICG lymphography is inadequate or contraindicated.

Summary: Prior studies on contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) lymphography for preoperative mapping before lymphaticovenous anastomosis surgery in patients with extremity lymphedema have been limited to using only Lumason and Sonazoid as microbubble contrast agents. The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of using two other Food & Drug Administration–approved microbubble agents, Optison and Definity, for imaging lymphatic vessels in the upper extremities. Nine female adults with unilateral upper extremity lymphedema anticipating lymphaticovenous anastomosis surgery underwent CEUS lymphography of the unaffected upper extremity randomized to either Lumason, Definity, or Optison. Lymphatic vessels were visualized in all but one case when undilated Definity was used. In the eight upper extremities where lymphatic vessels were visualized, an average of eight intradermal injections of microbubbles were performed in the extremity. Lymphatic vessels could be identified in 57% (36 of 63) of the injections. The effective dilution for each of the microbubble agents is provided. This was the first successful demonstration of lymphatic vessel visualization using either Definity or Optison. Broadening the range of available microbubble agents for CEUS lymphography could improve accessibility to the procedure and provide potentially safer alternatives.

Diverticular disease is a major cause of hospitalizations, especially in the elderly. Although diverticulosis and its complications predominately affect the colon, the formation of diverticula in the small intestine, most commonly in the duodenum, is well characterized in the literature. Although small bowel diverticula are typically asymptomatic, and diagnosed incidentally, a complication of periampullary duodenal diverticulum is Lemmel syndrome. Lemmel syndrome is an extremely rare condition whereby periampullary duodenal diverticula, most commonly without diverticulitis, leads to obstruction of the common bile duct due to mass effect and associated complications including acute cholangitis and pancreatitis. Here, we present the first case, to our knowledge, of periampullary duodenal diverticulitis complicated by Lemmel syndrome with concomitant colonic diverticulitis with colovesical fistula. Our case and literature review emphasizes that Lemmel syndrome can present with or without suggestions of obstructive jaundice and can most often be managed conservatively if caught early, except in the setting of emergent complications.

Summary: Lymphaticovenous anastomosis (LVA) surgery is an effective surgery for the treatment of lymphedema in the extremities. Indocyanine green lymphography is the reference standard for visualizing lymphatics for LVA surgery, but it has several limitations; most notably, superficial dermal congestion can mask deeper lymphatic vessels. To overcome the limitations, we add contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) lymphography. We have previously reported that CEUS lymphography can identify lymphatic vessels for LVA surgery that indocyanine green lymphography does not. Here, we describe how we perform CEUS lymphography, including workflow, technique, and documentation. Before informed consent, the patient must be screened for possible adverse reactions to microbubbles. The procedure involves multiple intradermal injections of the microbubble agent at various sites along the extremity. After each injection, imaging for microbubble uptake by lymphatic vessels is performed using an ultrasound scanner with contrast-specific software. We use sulfur hexafluoride lipid-type A microspheres (Lumason/SonoVue; Bracco Suisse SA), but we are investigating the performance of other Food & Drug Administration–approved microbubble agents for CEUS lymphography. Having a systematic approach to marking the skin can mitigate the hindrance of marking over ultrasound coupling gel. Another benefit of CEUS lymphography is the rapid identification of neighboring veins compatible in size and location for anastomosis. We hold regular scheduled multidisciplinary meetings for coordination of care, discussion of outcomes, quality assurance, and ongoing innovation.