Citations

Background/Objectives: A 12-week trial demonstrated that phenotype-tailored lifestyle intervention (PLI) was associated with greater weight loss than standard lifestyle intervention (SLI); however, differences in dietary patterns between groups were not examined. Methods: This secondary analysis evaluated caloric and macronutrient intake at 12 weeks in adults with obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2), classified into four energy-balance phenotypes (abnormal satiation, reduced postprandial satiety, low energy expenditure, emotional eating) (n = 77) who underwent PLI or SLI. Dietary intake was assessed by 24-h recalls and verified by a blinded registered dietitian. Results: Groups were compared at 12 weeks adjusting for baseline values. PLI was associated with lower total energy intake than SLI (1273 ± 182 vs. 1894 ± 176 kcal/day; p = 0.018), due to lower carbohydrate (464 ± 76 vs. 818 ± 73 kcal/day; p = 0.002) and fat intake (479 ± 76 vs. 697 ± 73 kcal/day; p = 0.036); absolute protein intake did not differ. However, protein comprised a greater proportion of energy intake in PLI (26.8 ± 1.6%) than SLI (19.8 ± 1.5%; p = 0.003), and dairy protein contributed more to total energy in PLI (6.8 ± 0.8% vs. 3.7 ± 0.7%; p = 0.004). Conclusions: PLI was associated with lower energy intake, mainly due to reduced carbohydrate and fat intake, and a higher relative contribution of protein, consistent with phenotype-based recommendations rather than macronutrient prescriptions. These findings suggest a potential role for personalized dietary approaches in obesity management. However, the non-randomized design does not allow causal inferences.

ABSTRACT Objective This study compared the effects of phentermine‐topiramate‐ER (mid‐dose 7.5/46 mg) versus placebo on weight loss and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk outcomes when used as an adjunct to a digitally enhanced lifestyle intervention (DELI). Methods We conducted a 12‐month, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial at a single tertiary academic center in the United States (June 2020–June 2022). Eighty participants with obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m 2 ) were enrolled in the DELI program, consisting of in‐person and telehealth modalities, dietary and physical activity goals, and use of a smartphone application integrated with digital devices (Apple Watch and Bluetooth‐enabled weight scale and blood pressure monitor). Participants were randomized 1:1 to receive either phentermine‐topiramate‐ER ( n = 42) or placebo ( n = 38) in addition to the DELI. Results At 3 months, the phentermine‐topiramate group lost a mean of 10.82 kg versus 4.04 kg in the placebo group (mean difference −6.78 kg; p = 0.002). At 12 months, weight loss was 15.32 kg versus 5.85 kg, respectively (mean difference −9.48 kg; p < 0.001). Participants receiving phentermine‐topiramate‐ER experienced a 3.35% reduction in the estimated atherosclerotic CVD risk compared to baseline ( p = 0.004). Conclusions Phentermine‐topiramate‐ER, when combined with a DELI, produced significant and sustained weight loss and reduced CVD risk in adults with obesity. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov : NCT04408586

Abstract Satiation is the physiologic process that regulates meal size and termination, and it is quantified by the calories consumed to reach satiation. Given its role in energy intake, changes in satiation contribute to obesity's pathogenesis. Our study employed a protocolized approach to study the components of food intake regulation including a standardized breakfast, a gastric emptying study, appetite sensation testing, and a satiation measurement by an ad libitummeal test. These studies revealed that satiation is highly variable among individuals, and while baseline characteristics, anthropometrics, body composition and hormones, contribute to this variability, these factors do not fully account for it. To address this gap, we explored the role of a germline polygenic risk score, which demonstrated a robust association with satiation. Furthermore, we developed a machine-learning-assisted gene risk score to predict satiation and leveraged this prediction to anticipate responses to anti-obesity medications. Our findings underscore the significance of satiation, its inherent variability, and the potential of a genetic risk score to forecast it, ultimately allowing us to predict responses to different anti-obesity interventions.

Abstract Aims To compare weight loss outcomes between patients starting semaglutide who had previously been on another anti‐obesity medication (AOM) compared to those who were AOM‐naïve. Materials and Methods We performed a retrospective study in patients with overweight or obesity taking semaglutide for weight loss for a duration of 3 to 12 months. Our primary endpoint was assessment of percentage of total body weight loss (TBWL) in patients who started semaglutide as their first AOM (AOM‐naïve) compared to those who started semaglutide and had previously taken another AOM (non‐AOM‐naïve). The secondary outcome was a comparison of the proportions of patients achieving ≥5%, ≥10%, ≥15% and ≥20% TBWL between the groups. Our endpoints were analysed using independent t ‐tests and ANOVA/ANCOVA for continuous variables and Pearson's test for categorical variables. Results This study included 305 patients. Outcomes of semaglutide treatment were superior in AOM‐naïve patients ( n = 231) compared to non‐AOM‐naïve patients ( n = 74) at 3 (6.3% vs. 3.8%), 6 (10.6% vs. 6.7%), 9 (14.0% vs. 9.1%) and 12 months (14.3% vs. 10.6%; p < 0.0001 at 3, 6 and 9 months, and p = 0.01 at 12 months). A greater proportion of patients in the AOM‐naïve group achieved a TBWL ≥ 15% (48% vs 21%; p = 0.02) and ≥20% (27% vs 4% p < 0.01) at 12 months. Conclusion The use of semaglutide in patients with previous intake of other AOMs was associated with inferior weight loss outcomes in comparison to patients who were AOM‐naïve.

AbstractBackgroundAccelerated gastric emptying (GE) is a trait seen in obesity. Mutations in the hypothalamic leptin‐melanocortin 4 receptor (Leptin‐MC4R) pathway have been associated with obesity. We sought to investigate the association of leptin‐MC4R pathway variants and GE in patients with obesity.MethodsThis is a cross‐sectional study of patients with a history of severe obesity that were genotyped and completed a GE test by scintigraphy. We evaluated the percentage of GE (GE %) at 2 and 4 h between both groups using ANCOVA with weight and sex as covariates. We subdivide patients into carriers based on the location of the identified variants (i.e., upstream or downstream of the Leptin‐MC4R pathway) and compared them with noncarriers using ANOVA. Results are presented as mean and standard deviation (± SD).Key ResultsA total of 95 patients; nine carriers (67% females; 39.78 ± 12.33 years; BMI: 49.14 ± 12.96 kg/m2) and 86 noncarriers (87% female; 49.98 ± 13.74 years; BMI: 40.75 ± 6.29 kg/m2) were included. At 2 and 4 h, carriers had a delayed GE when compared noncarriers (p = 0.03 and p = 0.005, respectively). In carriers, when compared upstream carriers vs. downstream carriers vs. noncarriers by location there was a significant difference in GE among groups at 2 h and at 4 h (p = 0.02 and p = 0.01, respectively).Conclusions & InferencesCarriers of heterozygous variants in the Leptin‐MC4R pathway had a delayed GE compared to noncarriers. These findings point the important relationship between the Leptin‐MC4R pathway and gastric motility.

AbstractBackgroundFood intake is regulated by homeostatic and hedonic systems that interact in a complex neuro‐hormonal network. Dysregulation in energy intake can lead to obesity (OB) or anorexia nervosa (AN). However, little is known about the neurohormonal response patterns to food intake in normal weight (NW), OB, and AN.Material & MethodsDuring an ad libitum nutrient drink (Ensure®) test (NDT), participants underwent three pseudo‐continuous arterial spin labeling (pCASL) MRI scans. The first scan was performed before starting the NDT after a > 12 h overnight fast (Hunger), the second after reaching maximal fullness (Satiation), and the third 30‐min after satiation (postprandial fullness). We measured blood levels of ghrelin, cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon‐like peptide (GLP‐1), and peptide YY (PYY) with every pCASL‐MRI scan. Semiquantitative cerebral blood flow (CBF) maps in mL/100 gr brain/min were calculated and normalized (nCBF) with the CBF in the frontoparietal white matter. The hypothalamus (HT), nucleus accumbens [NAc] and dorsal striatum [DS] were selected as regions of interest (ROIs).ResultsA total of 53 participants, 7 with AN, 17 with NW (body‐mass index [BMI] 18.5–24.9 kg/m2), and 29 with OB (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) completed the study. The NW group had a progressive decrease in all five ROIs during the three stages of food intake (hunger, satiation, and post‐prandial fullness). In contrast, participants with OB showed a minimal change from hunger to postprandial fullness in all five ROIs. The AN group had a sustained nCBF in the HT and DS, from hunger to satiation, with a subsequent decrease in nCBF from satiation to postprandial fullness. All three groups had similar hormonal response patterns with a decrease in ghrelin, an increase in GLP‐1 and PYY, and no change in CCK.ConclusionConditions of regulated (NW) and dysregulated (OB and AN) energy intake are associated with distinctive neurohormonal activity patterns in response to hunger, satiation, and postprandial fullness.