Citations

Abstract Introduction Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) identifies a hypercontractile phenotype (HP) in chronic coronary syndromes (CCS), characterized by elevated resting left ventricular (LV) elastance (force = systolic blood pressure/end-systolic volume). To evaluate the prognostic significance and functional correlates of HP. Methods In a prospective multicentre study, 10 677 patients with CCS underwent resting TTE to assess LV ejection fraction (EF), stroke volume, and force by quantitative volumetric echocardiography. All patients were followed for the endpoint of all-cause mortality. In a subset of 5834 patients, stress echocardiography (exercise or dobutamine) was performed for LV contractile reserve and heart rate reserve. Results Patients were stratified into Force quintiles (Q1–Q5). Patients with hypercontractile phenotype exhibited lower stroke volume at rest (Q5 = 34.8 ± 12.3 vs Q1–Q4 = 57.4 ± 19.1 mL; P < .01) and higher EF at rest (Q5 = 64.8 ± 6.9% vs Q1–Q4 = 58.1 ± 8.7%, P < .01). During a median follow-up of 24 months (interquartile range = 12–40 months), 509 deaths occurred. The exposure-adjusted death rate was lowest in Q3 (3.53–4.51 mmHg/mL; 1.03 per 100 person/years) and higher in Q1 (≤2.62 mmHg/mL, 2.88), Q2 (2.63–3.52 mmHg/mL, 1.86), Q4 (4.52–6.11 mmHg/mL, 1.56), and Q5 (HP, >6.11 mmHg/mL; 1.88; P < .0001 vs Q1 and Q3). Multivariable analysis identified HP (Q5; HR 1.531 vs Q3, 95% CI 1.116–2.099; P = .006) and EF (HR 0.963, 95% CI 0.953–0.972; P < .0001) as independent predictors of death. During exercise or dobutamine stress, HP showed reduced LV contractile reserve (ΔEF: Q5 = 4.3 ± 9.4% vs Q1–Q4 = 7.0 ± 9.3%; P < .001) and blunted heart rate reserve (Q5 = 1.77 ± 0.33 vs Q1–Q4 = 1.85 ± 0.39; P < .01). All patients with force-based LV contractile reserve >4.1 (present in 185, 3.2% of the population) survived. Conclusion Patients with CCS with HP assessed by resting TTE demonstrate higher mortality and multilayered functional impairment, including reduced LV contractile and chronotropic reserves. Hypercontractile phenotype improved the prediction of mortality by EF. A ‘stronger’ heart is, in fact, functionally and prognostically weaker.

Abstract Background Exercise stress echocardiography (ESE) is recommended in patients with mitral regurgitation (MR) when resting echocardiographic findings and symptoms do not align. However, the role of MR assessment in patients undergoing ESE for any indication remains uncertain. Purpose This study aimed to investigate whether the assessment of MR during ESE provides prognostic value beyond the evaluation of inducible regional wall motion abnormalities (RWMA) in patients undergoing ESE for any clinical indication, including suspected coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods Data were analyzed from a large multicenter and multinational prospective study. Current analysis included patients who underwent ESE for any indication and had MR (from 0= absent, to 3= severe) assessed at rest and peak exercise with an integrated qualitative, semi-quantitative, and (in selected cases) quantitative assessment. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality. Results Of 1,351 included patients (age 56±16 years; 66% women; 30% with known CAD). MR score increased during exercise (rest=0.74±0.7 vs. peak=0.89±0.8, p<0.001), with severe MR present in 2% of patients at rest and 7% at peak ESE. Patients with severe MR during exercise (n=96, Group 1) compared to those with non-severe MR during exercise (n=1255, Group 2) showed more B-lines, lower left ventricular contractile and chronotropic reserve, and trend (p=0.09) to more frequent decrease in ejection fraction during ESE (Table 1). After a median follow-up of 2.1 years (IQR 1.0–6.9), 99 patients (7%) had died. Severe MR at rest was associated with increased mortality (log-rank p<0.001). Patients with severe MR at peak ESE had a higher risk of death compared to the other patients (log-rank p 0.035) (Figure 1). After adjusting for age, CAD, and inducible RWMA, severe MR with exercise remained strongly associated with an increased risk of death (adjusted-HR: 2.2, 95%CI 1.3-3.8, p=0.002). Similar results were seen with further adjustment for rest MR severity (adjusted-HR:1.9, 95%CI 1.02-3.5, p=0.004). Conclusion Patients, with and without CAD, with severe MR during ESE have greater functional impairment expressed by more pulmonary congestion, blunted heart rate reserve, and lower left ventricular contractile reserve. The assessment of MR during ESE provides significant prognostic information, independent of resting RWMA or inducible ischemia. Incorporating MR evaluation into routine ESE protocols may improve clinical decision-making and patient outcomes.Fig 1 Survival by MR at peak exercise Table 1

Abstract Background Ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) is a common complication of coronary artery disease (CAD), often occurring after myocardial infarction (MI). Even when moderate in severity, IMR is associated with adverse outcomes, including a twofold increase in mortality rates. Aim To assess the functional correlates of resting IMR during stress echocardiography (SE) in patients with CAD. Methods This prospective multicenter study included 192 patients with CAD (143 males; mean age 65 ± 10 years) from eight cardiology institutions. Exclusion criteria included a history of coronary artery bypass surgery, more than moderate IMR, and other significant valvular diseases. Patients were divided into two groups based on semiquantitative- quantitative assessment at rest based on EACVI-ASE criteria: Group 1: Patients with moderate IMR, Group 2: Patients without IMR or with trivial IMR. All patients underwent stress echocardiography (SE) using the ABCE protocol. Patients underwent exercise tests, if execise echocardiography was not possible, dobutamine stress tests were performed. At rest and peak SE, we assessed: Left atrial volume index (LAVi), Left ventricular end-diastolic (LV EDV) and end-systolic volumes (LV ESV), ejection fraction (EF), wall motion score index (WMSI), global longitudinal strain (GLS), B-lines (4-site simplified scan), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), systolic pulmonary artery pressure (SPAP), LV contractile reserve (LVCR) and heart rate reserve (HRR). Results Despite similar EF at rest, Group 1 patients showed more pronounced functional impairment at rest, which increased during stress. Stress-induced functional worsening affected indices of MR (more frequently becoming severe), ischemic burden (WMSI), diastolic function (LAVI and LVEDV dilation), LV systolic function (LVCR), pulmonary congestion (B-lines), cardiac sympathetic reserve (reduced HRR) and right ventricular/pulmonary artery coupling (reduced TAPSE/SPAP): table 1. Conclusion Compared to CAD patients with absent-to-trivial resting IMR, patients with moderate IMR at rest show a constellation of functional vulnerabilities during SE involving more frequent exercise-induced worsening of MR, blunted LV diastolic and systolic reserve, more pulmonary congestion, impaired cardiac autonomic reserve, and worse right ventricular-pulmonary artery coupling. The individual patient's functional response heterogeneity can be identified with comprehensive exercise SE, possibly a roadmap to personalized and targeted therapeutic interventions.

Over the past decade, stress echocardiography has evolved from a test for assessing epicardial artery stenosis to a comprehensive functional test, targeting multiple cardiovascular parameters. The new approach includes several structured steps: (a) evaluating regional wall motion abnormalities to detect epicardial artery stenosis or vasospasm; (b) assessing pulmonary congestion and diastolic function via B-lines with lung ultrasound; (c) gauging preload and contractile reserve with volumetric echocardiography; (d) measuring coronary microvascular reserve using Doppler-based coronary flow velocity in the middistal left anterior descending artery; and (e) determining cardiac sympathetic reserve by tracking heart rate reserve on an ECG. This evolution was supported extensively by the Italian Society of Echocardiography and Cardiovascular Imaging (SIECVI), which played a key role in five areas: (1) developing the initial, curiosity-driven project; (2) disseminating protocols and results at national and international conferences, supporting logistic infrastructure and publication expenses; (3) establishing a digital platform (customized Redcap) for data entry and storage; (4) facilitating patient recruitment across 19 Italian centers; and (5) offering formal endorsement through six presidencies, adding credibility and reach beyond any single institution. The protocol quickly advanced from concept to high-impact publications, earning inclusion in 2024 specialty guidelines. Initially Italian-led, the study now includes 50 centers across 20 countries (e.g. USA and China). Beyond the 50 peer-reviewed papers published in 2016–2024, this study offers a novel, sustainable approach to cardiac stress testing, providing more information at lower costs, with zero radiation and minimal environmental impact. SIECVI’s endorsement was instrumental in amplifying the study’s rigor and outreach.

Abstract Background/Introduction Cardiac stress tests are carried out in populations with a low probability of ischemic heart disease (IHD) much more frequently than in the past. Stress ECG remains a frequently used modality for the diagnosis of IHD in vast areas of the world with limited facilities. Purpose To assess the diagnostic value of stress ECG for diagnosing IHD using inducible regional wall motion abnormalities (RWMA) on stress echocardiography (SE) as the gold standard method of diagnosis. Methods The 12-lead ECG response was retrospectively analyzed in 4317 patients (age 64±13 years, 59.6% males) undergoing SE for chronic coronary syndromes who were prospectively recruited from 39 cardiac centers between March 2021 and February 2024. Exclusion criteria were left bundle branch block or pacemaker rhythm. ECG response was considered ischemic according to standard criteria (if ST-segment deviated >1.0 mm from baseline in ≥2 contiguous leads at 80 ms from J point) during an exercise (n=2980, 69.8%), dobutamine (n = 766, 18.0%), or vasodilator (n=519, 12.2%) SE. All patients underwent a comprehensive SE protocol with an assessment of wall motion score index (WMSI), B-lines (4-site simplified score), left ventricular contractile reserve (LVCR) based on force, coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) in the mid-distal left anterior descending artery (LAD), and heart rate reserve (HRR). Results ECG changes occurred in 641 patients (14.8%, Group 1) for the overall studied population. Compared to patients without ECG changes (Group 2, n=3676, 85.2%), patients with ECG changes showed higher values of peak WMSI and lower values of CFVR and LVCR (see table).Amongst patients without inducible RWMA (n=3553), there were 392 (11%) patients with an ischemic ECG at stress (89% specificity). Of 764 patients with inducible RWMA during SE, 249 had an ischemic ECG trace (sensitivity 33%). In patients without inducible RWMA, those with ischemic ECG changes showed similar abnormal stress B-lines (23% vs. 21%, p=0.719), LVCR (61% vs. 63%, p=0.602), CFVR (31% vs 33%, p=0.607) and HRR (37% vs 41%, p=0.097) compared to those without ECG changes. Amongst patients with inducible RWMA and ECG changes, CFVR was significantly lower in patients with ECG changes (39.2% and 60.8%, respectively, p<0.001). Conclusions Simple standard stress ECG diagnostic value in the current era in populations with a low probability of IHD seems to be low. However, during SE, stress-induced ischemic ECG changes are associated with more extensive RWMA and blunted global LVCR, with reduced CFVR in the LAD. Therefore, analysis of ST segment changes during stress imaging studies can offer additional, significant information.

Abstract Aims In patients with degenerative mitral regurgitation (DMR), left ventricular (LV) dysfunction is associated with increased risk of heart failure and excess mortality. LV end‐systolic diameter (LVESD) is an established trigger for intervention, yet recommended LVESD thresholds apply poorly to patients with small body size. Whether LV normalization to body surface area (BSA) may be used as a trigger for DMR correction is unknown. We examined the link between LVESD index (LVESDi) and outcome in DMR to identify appropriate thresholds for excess mortality. Methods and results This study focuses on 2753 consecutive patients with DMR due to flail leaflets diagnosed in tertiary centres from Europe and the United States, with prospective echocardiographic measurement of LVESD and BSA and long‐term follow‐up. The primary endpoint was mortality after diagnosis under conservative management. Secondary endpoints were mortality under conservative and surgical management and postoperative mortality of patients who underwent surgery. The optimal LVESDi cut‐off for mortality prediction was 20 mm/m 2 . Irrespective of management type, 10‐year survival was lower with LVESDi ≥20 mm/m 2 than with LVESDi <20 mm/m 2 (both p < 0.001). After covariate adjustment, LVESDi ≥20 mm/m 2 was independently predictive of mortality under conservative management (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.41, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.15–1.75), and with conservative and surgical management (adjusted HR 1.34, 95% CI 1.17–1.54). LVESDi remained associated with poorer postoperative outcome in patients who underwent intervention. LVESDi showed higher incremental predictive value over the baseline model compared to LVESD. The association between LVESDi ≥20 mm/m 2 and outcome was consistent in subgroups of patients with DMR. Conclusions In severe DMR due to flail leaflets, LVESDi is a marker of risk additive and incremental to LVESD. Its use in clinical practice should lead to earlier referral to mitral valve surgery and improved long‐term outcome.

Abstract Aims Operating on patients with severe degenerative mitral regurgitation (DMR) is based on ACC/AHA or ESC/EACTS guidelines. Doubts persist on best surgical indications and their potential association with postoperative survival loss. We sought to investigate whether guideline-based indications lead to late postoperative survival loss in DMR patients. Methods and results We analysed outcome of 2833 patients from the Mitral Regurgitation International Database registry undergoing surgical correction of DMR. Patients were stratified by surgical indications: Class I trigger (symptoms, left ventricular end-systolic diameter ≥ 40 mm, or left ventricular ejection fraction &lt; 60%, n = 1677), isolated Class IIa trigger [atrial fibrillation (AF), pulmonary hypertension (PH), or left atrial diameter ≥ 55 mm, n = 568], or no trigger (n = 588). Postoperative survival was compared after matching for clinical differences. Restricted mean survival time (RMST) was analysed. During a median 8.5-year follow-up, 603 deaths occurred. Long-term postoperative survival was lower with Class I trigger than in Class IIa trigger and no trigger (71.4 ± 1.9, 84.3 ± 2.3, and 88.9 ± 1.9% at 10 years, P &lt; 0.001). Having at least one Class I criterion led to excess mortality (P &lt; 0.001), while several Class I criteria conferred additional death risk [hazard ratio (HR): 1.53, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.42–1.66]. Isolated Class IIa triggers conferred an excess mortality risk vs. those without (HR: 1.46, 95% CI: 1.00–2.13, P = 0.05). Among these patients, isolated PH led to decreased postoperative survival vs. those without (83.7 ± 2.8% vs. 89.3 ± 1.6%, P = 0.011), with the same pattern observed for AF (81.8 ± 5.0% vs. 88.3 ± 1.5%, P = 0.023). According to RMST analysis, compare to those operated on without triggers, operating on Class I trigger patients led to 9.4-month survival loss (P &lt; 0.001) and operating on isolated Class IIa trigger patients displayed 4.9-month survival loss (P = 0.001) after 10 years. Conclusion Waiting for the onset of Class I or isolated Class IIa triggers before operating on DMR patients is associated with postoperative survival loss. These data encourage an early surgical strategy.

Abstract Background and Aims Presentation, outcome, and management of females with degenerative mitral regurgitation (DMR) are undefined. We analysed sex-specific baseline clinical and echocardiographic characteristics at referral for DMR due to flail leaflets and subsequent management and outcomes. Methods In the Mitral Regurgitation International Database (MIDA) international registry, females were compared with males regarding presentation at referral, management, and outcome (survival/heart failure), under medical treatment, post-operatively, and encompassing all follow-up. Results At referral, females (n = 650) vs. males (n = 1660) were older with more severe symptoms and higher MIDA score. Smaller cavity diameters belied higher cardiac dimension indexed to body surface area. Under conservative management, excess mortality vs. expected was observed in males [standardized mortality ratio (SMR) 1.45 (1.27–1.65), P &lt; .001] but was higher in females [SMR 2.00 (1.67–2.38), P &lt; .001]. Female sex was independently associated with mortality [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 1.29 (1.04–1.61), P = .02], cardiovascular mortality [adjusted HR 1.58 (1.14–2.18), P = .007], and heart failure [adjusted HR 1.36 (1.02–1.81), P = .04] under medical management. Females vs. males were less offered surgical correction (72% vs. 80%, P &lt; .001); however, surgical outcome, adjusted for more severe presentation in females, was similar (P ≥ .09). Ultimately, overall outcome throughout follow-up was worse in females who displayed persistent excess mortality vs. expected [SMR 1.31 (1.16–1.47), P &lt; .001], whereas males enjoyed normal life expectancy restoration [SMR 0.92 (0.85–0.99), P = .036]. Conclusions Females with severe DMR were referred to tertiary centers at a more advanced stage, incurred higher mortality and morbidity under conservative management, and were offered surgery less and later after referral. Ultimately, these sex-related differences yielded persistent excess mortality despite surgery in females with DMR, while males enjoyed restoration of life expectancy, warranting imperative re-evaluation of sex-specific DMR management.