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Gallbladder cancer is a rare malignancy in most countries. The racial and sociodemographic factors associated with its incidence and survival are poorly defined. We aimed to investigate population-based gallbladder cancer incidence and survival trends on the basis of clinical characteristics and sociodemographic factors in the USA. Gallbladder cancer incidence and survival data from 2001 to 2012 were obtained from 18 registries of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. Incidence rates and Joinpoint trends were calculated by demographic subgroup. Survival trends were assessed using Cox proportional hazard models. A total of 7769 patients were identified. The overall gallbladder cancer incidence rates did not significantly change during the 2001–2012 period. Incidence rates were three times higher in Hispanics and 1.6 times higher in Blacks compared with Whites. Over the time period, incidence rates significantly increased among Blacks and decreased among Hispanics. Male sex [hazard ratio (HR): 1.10, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03–1.17], older age (HR: 1.73, 95% CI: 1.53–1.96), and single and divorced statuses (HR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.09–1.30 and 1.12, 95% CI: 1.01–1.24) were independently associated with shorter overall survival, whereas higher education (HR: 0.89, 95% CI: 0.82–0.97) and higher income (HR: 0.89, 95% CI: 0.82–0.96) were associated with longer survival. Furthermore, overall survival has improved in all races/ethnicities except for Hispanics and Blacks. The overall incidence rates for gallbladder cancer were stable during 2001–2012. Hispanics have the highest incidence rates, but the incidence rates in Blacks are on the rise.

AbstractBackground & AimsHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second leading cause of cancer‐related death worldwide. Most studies addressing the epidemiology of HCC originate from developed countries. This study reports the preliminary findings of a multinational approach to characterize HCC in South America.MethodsWe evaluated 1336 HCC patients seen at 14 centres in six South American countries using a retrospective study design with participating centres completing a template chart of patient characteristics. The diagnosis of HCC was made radiographically or histologically for all cases according to institutional standards. Methodology of surveillance for each centre was following AASLD or EASL recommendations.ResultsSixty‐eight percent of individuals were male with a median age of 64 years at time of diagnosis. The most common risk factor for HCC was hepatitis C infection (HCV, 48%), followed by alcoholic cirrhosis (22%), Hepatitis B infection (HBV, 14%) and NAFLD (9%). We found that among individuals with HBV‐related HCC, 38% were diagnosed before age 50. The most commonly provided therapy was transarterial chemoembolization (35% of HCCs) with few individuals being considered for liver transplant (<20%). Only 47% of HCCs were diagnosed during surveillance, and there was no difference in age of diagnosis between those diagnosed incidentally vs by surveillance. Nonetheless, being diagnosed during surveillance was associated with improved overall survival (P = .01).ConclusionsOur study represents the largest cohort to date reporting characteristics and outcomes of HCC across South America. We found an important number of HCCs diagnosed outside of surveillance programmes, with associated increased mortality in those patients.

Objective: To evaluate the relationship between donor sex and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence after living donor liver transplantation. Background: HCC shows a male predominance in incidence and recurrence after tumor resection due to sex differences in hepatic sex hormone receptors. There have been no studies evaluating the importance of donor sex on post-transplant HCC recurrence. Methods: Of 384 recipients of livers, from living donors, for HCC: 104/120 who received grafts from female donors were matched with 246/264 who received grafts from male donors using propensity score matching, with an unfixed matching ratio based on factors like tumor biology. Survival analysis was performed with death as a competing risk event. The primary outcome was overall HCC recurrence. Results: The median follow-up time was 39 months. Before matching, recurrence probability at 1/2/5 years after transplantation was 6.1/9.7/12.7% in recipients with female donors and 11.7/19.2/25.3% in recipients with male donors. Recurrence risk was significantly higher with male donors in univariable analysis (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.04 [1.15–3.60], P = 0.014) and multivariable analysis (HR=2.10 [1.20–3.67], P = 0.018). In the matched analysis, recurrence risk was also higher with male donors (HR=1.92 [1.05–3.52], P = 0.034): both in intrahepatic recurrence (HR=1.92 [1.05–3.51], P = 0.034) and extrahepatic recurrence (HR=1.93 [1.05–3.52], P = 0.033). Multivariable analysis confirmed the significance of donor sex (HR=2.08 [1.11–3.91], P = 0.023). Interestingly, the significance was lost when donor age was >40 years. Two external cohorts validated the significance of donor sex. Conclusions: Donor sex appears to be an important graft factor modulating HCC recurrence after living donor liver transplantation.

Summary Hepatitis B virus ( HBV ) infection in the United States is the most common among Asians followed by non‐Hispanic blacks. However, there have been few studies that describe HBV infection and immunity by racial group. Our study aimed to assess racial/ethnic disparities in the prevalence and awareness of HBV infection and immunity using nationally representative data. In the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011‐2014, 14 722 persons had HBV serology testing. We estimated the prevalence of HBV infection, past exposure, and immunity by selected characteristics and calculated adjusted odds ratios using survey‐weighted generalized logistic regression. Awareness of infection and vaccination history was also investigated. The overall prevalence of chronic HBV infection, past exposure and vaccine‐induced immunity was 0.34% [95% CI 0.24‐0.43], 4.30% [95% CI 3.80‐4.81], and 24.4% [95% CI 23.4‐25.4], respectively. The prevalence of chronic infection was 2.74% [95% CI 1.72‐3.76] in Asians, 0.64% [95% CI 0.35‐0.92] in non‐Hispanic blacks, and 0.15% [95% CI 0.06‐0.24] in non‐Asian, non‐blacks. Only 26.2% of those with chronic infection were aware of their infection. The prevalence of the past exposure was 21.5% [95% CI 19.3‐23.7] in Asians, 8.92% [95% CI 7.84‐9.99] in non‐Hispanic blacks, 2.05% [95% CI 1.49‐2.63] in non‐Hispanic whites and 4.47% [95% CI 3.25‐5.70] in Hispanics. Prevalence of vaccine‐induced immunity by each race was 34.1% [95% CI : 32.0‐36.2] in Asians, 25.5% [95% CI : 24.0‐27.0] in non‐Hispanic blacks, 24.0% [95% CI : 22.6‐25.4] in non‐Hispanic whites and 22.2% [95% CI : 21.3‐23.3] in Hispanics. There are considerable racial/ethnic disparities in HBV infection, exposure and immunity. More active and sophisticated healthcare policies on HBV management may be warranted.

Background/Aim: The epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has changed in the United States recently. The aim of this study is to evaluate the recent trends of HCC epidemiology in Olmsted County, MN. Methods: Residents aged over 20 with newly diagnosed HCC were identified using the Rochester Epidemiology Project database. Clinical information was compared among patients diagnosed between 2000 and 2009 (era 1) and 2010 to 2014 (era 2). Results: Over 1.6 million person years of follow-up, 93 residents were diagnosed with HCC. The mean age was 67 and 71% were male. The age-adjusted and sex-adjusted incidence rates were 6.3 and 7.0 per 100,000 person years in the first and second eras (P=0.64). The proportion with hepatitis B virus etiology increased from 4% to 21% between the 2 eras (P<0.01), whereas there was a trend toward a decreasing proportion of hepatitis C virus etiology from 42% to 29% (P=0.20). Only 39% of HCC surveillance candidates had HCCs detected under surveillance and 41% of cirrhotic patients had unrecognized cirrhosis at the time of HCC diagnosis. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease was associated with unrecognized cirrhosis and absence of cirrhosis at HCC diagnosis. More than half (56%) of patients presented at Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage C or D and the median survival was 9.7 months. The overall survival had not changed over time. Conclusions: The incidence of HCC remained stable after 2010 in Olmsted County. The proportion of hepatitis B virus-induced HCC increased, whereas there was a trend of decreasing proportion of hepatitis C virus-induced HCC. The overall survival in community residents with HCC remains poor.

Abstract Background: The utility of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) surveillance is controversial. We aimed to identify factors associated with elevated AFP and define the patients for whom AFP is effective for surveillance. Methods: Data from the NCI Early Detection Research Network phase II HCC biomarker study (233 early-stage HCC and 412 cirrhotic patients) were analyzed. We analyzed 110 early-stage HCC and 362 cirrhotic hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients for external validation. Sensitivity, specificity, and area under the ROC curve (AUC) for HCC were calculated. Results: HCV etiology, non-White race, and serum alanine transaminase (ALT) predicted elevated AFP in cirrhotics. Non-White race and ALT predicted elevated AFP in HCC patients. Higher AUC of AFP for HCC was noted in patients with HBV (0.85) and alcohol (0.84), whereas it was lower in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV; 0.80) and nonviral/alcohol etiology (0.76). The AUC was higher in HCV patients with serum ALT ≤40 U/L than patients with serum ALT &gt;40 U/L (0.91 vs. 0.75, P &lt; 0.01). At 90% specificity, the sensitivity of AFP increased from 44% to 74% in Whites with HCV and from 50% to 85% in non-Whites with HCV. There was a trend toward higher AUC in HCV patients with serum ALT ≤40 U/L than those with serum ALT &gt;40 U/L (0.79 vs. 0.69, P = 0.10) in the validation cohort. Conclusions: The satisfactory performance of AFP in HCV patients with normal ALT should be further validated. Impact: The AFP may serve as a valuable surveillance test in HCV patients with normal ALT. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(7); 1085–92. ©2017 AACR.

Background: We used metabolic risk factors to estimate the prevalence and clinical significance of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in Asian Americans with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study of 824 consecutive Asian HCC patients at Stanford University Medical Center from 1998 to 2015. Patients were subdivided as: Chinese, other East Asian (Japanese and Korean), South East Asian (Vietnamese, Thai, and Laotian), Maritime South East Asian (MSEA: Malaysian, Indonesian, Filipino, and Singaporean), and South West Asian (Indian, Pakistani, and Middle Eastern). Metabolic risk factors studied were body mass index, hypertension, type II diabetes, and hyperlipidemia. Results: Most patients were male (76%) with mean age 63 years. Metabolic risk factors were highly prevalent on presentation and increased over time (P<0.001), as did the prevalence of cryptogenic HCC (P<0.004). Compared with other Asian subgroups, MSEAs had the highest body mass index (26.3) and higher rates of type II diabetes (44% vs. 23% to 35%, P=0.004), hypertension (59% vs. 38% to 55%, P=0.04), and cryptogenic HCC (15% vs. 4% to 10%, P=0.01). They were more likely to be symptomatic on presentation (44% vs. 32% to 58%, P=0.07), less likely to present within Milan criteria (34% vs. 35% to 63%, P<0.0001), and trended toward decreased 10-year survival rates compared with other ethnic subgroups (9% vs. 25% to 32%, P=0.07). Conclusions: Metabolic risk factors were increasingly prevalent among Asian Americans with HCC. MSEAs, who had the highest incidence of these risk factors, had more advanced tumor stage and trended toward worse survival.

BACKGROUNDThere is global variation in the onset of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The objective of the current study was to investigate the impact of country of birth on age at the time of HCC diagnosis in the United States.METHODSIncident HCC cases diagnosed between 2000 and 2012 in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program 18 registry were included. Factors associated with very early onset (age at diagnosis < 40 years) and early onset (age at diagnosis < 50 years) were identified by logistic regression.RESULTSA total of 59,907 patients were included. The median age at the time of diagnosis of HCC was 62 years and 76% of the patients were male. Of the 75% of patients for whom information regarding birth country was available, 29% were foreign born. In multivariate logistic regression, birth in West Africa (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 16.3; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 9.2‐27.9 [P<.01]), Central/South/other Africa (AOR, 11.0; 95% CI, 4.5‐23.7 [P<.01]), Oceania (AOR, 4.9; 95% CI, 2.9‐8.0 [P<.01]), and East Africa (AOR, 3.5; 95% CI, 1.5‐6.8 [P<.01]) was found to have the strongest association with very early‐onset HCC after adjusting for sex and race/ethnicity. Birth in West Africa, Central/South/other Africa, Oceania, or East Africa also was found to be strongly associated with early‐onset HCC.CONCLUSIONSBirth country was found to be independently associated with age at the time of HCC diagnosis in the United States. Birth in Africa (except for North Africa) and Oceania was strongly associated with very early‐onset HCC. These findings have implications for the design of comprehensive HCC surveillance programs in the United States. Cancer 2016. © 2016 American Cancer Society. Cancer 2017;81–89. © 2016 American Cancer Society.