Citations

Introduction: Mitral valve transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (M-TEER) has emerged as a minimally invasive option for high-risk surgical candidates with severe and symptomatic mitral regurgitation (MR), but post-procedure residual mitral valve (MV) dysfunction remains a significant concern. This study evaluates the clinical utility of combining artificial intelligence applied to electrocardiograms (ECG-AI) for diastolic dysfunction (DD) grading and the echocardiography-derived velocity time integral of the MV and left ventricular outflow tract ratio (VTIMV/LVOT) in predicting prognosis in patients post-M-TEER. Methods: A retrospective analysis of patients who underwent M-TEER between 2014 and 2021 was conducted. Patients were categorized based on VTIMV/LVOT and ECG-AI scores into three groups: both normal parameters, either abnormal parameter, or both abnormal parameters to compare outcomes (mortality, major adverse cardiovascular events [MACE], and the need for subsequent MV reintervention) using Kaplan–Meier analysis, multivariable Cox regression models, and net reclassification improvement. Results: Overall, 250 patients were included; the median age was 79.5 (IQR: 73.1, 84.6) and 66.4% were male. The combined abnormal VTIMV/LVOT (≥2.5) and ECG-AI score for DD (>1) was associated with higher risk of one-year mortality (adjusted HR: 4.56 [1.04–19.89], p = 0.044) and MACE (adjusted HR: 3.72 [1.09–12.72], p = 0.037) compared to patients with both normal parameters. Conclusions: This study highlights the potential additive value of integrating VTIMV/LVOT and ECG-AI scores as a prognostic tool for a personalized approach to the post-operative evaluation and risk stratification in M-TEER patients.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia, contributing to significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. The relationship between physical exercise and AF is complex, with studies showing both beneficial and potentially adverse effects. Moreover, evidence suggests a U-shaped association between exercise intensity and AF risk. Moderate exercise has been shown to reduce AF burden by improving cardiovascular risk factors, enhancing autonomic regulation, and mitigating atrial fibrosis. In contrast, excessively high-intensity endurance exercise may increase AF risk, particularly in young athletes, due to atrial stretching, dilation, fibrosis, autonomic imbalances, and heightened inflammation. The current guidelines emphasize exercise as a core lifestyle intervention for AF management, recommending moderate-intensity aerobic activity for optimal outcomes. This review examines the current evidence on the effects of exercise on AF, identifies knowledge gaps, and proposes potential future research directions.

Abstract Introduction Cancer therapy-related cardiac dysfunction (CTRCD) after anthracycline-based therapy is a dreaded complication due to its significant morbidity and mortality. Sodium-glucose cotransporters-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) have been shown to improve cardiovascular outcomes in multiple scenarios. However, its potential benefits in patients who develop CTRCD due to anthracycline-based chemotherapy are not well established. Purpose To investigate the benefits of SGLT2i in cancer patients who develop CTRCD secondary to anthracycline-based chemotherapy. Methods All patients who underwent anthracycline therapy between 2002 and 2022 across three tertiary centers and had a diagnosis of moderate or severe CTRCD according to 2022 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines were evaluated. Baseline characteristics, echocardiograms pre and post chemotherapy, and mortality were reviewed. Kaplan Meier analysis was conducted to compare all-cause and cardiovascular mortality between patients treated with SGLT2i (both patients on chronic SGLT2i who continued their therapy following CTRCD and those who commenced the treatment after CTRCD diagnosis) and those not receiving this therapy. Results In total, 398 patients diagnosed with moderate or severe CTRCD were included; median age was 66.82 (58.07, 74.46) years and 59.29% were males. Among them, 39 (9.80%) received SGLT2i. Mortality rates at 1- and 5-years were significantly lower among patients who were on SGLT2i treatment compared to patients who were not (8.40% vs 46.30%, p= 0.0001 and 17.30% vs 65%, p= 0.0001, respectively) (Figure1). Furthermore, cardiovascular mortality rate at 5 years was significantly lower in patients receiving SGLT2i compared to patients not receiving this therapy (0% vs 11%, p= 0.046). Conclusions SGLT2i may have survival benefit in cancer patients who develop CTRCD secondary to anthracycline-based chemotherapy and might be considered as an adjunctive treatment to improve survival outcomes in this population.Figure 1.Kaplan-Meier Curves

Advances in plaque imaging have transformed cardiovascular diagnostics through detailed characterization of atherosclerotic plaques beyond traditional stenosis assessment. This review outlines the clinical applications of varying modalities, including dual-layer spectral CT, photon-counting CT, dual-energy CT, and CT-derived fractional flow reserve (CT-FFR). These technologies offer improved spatial resolution, tissue differentiation, and functional assessment of coronary lesions. Additionally, artificial intelligence has emerged as a powerful tool to automate plaque detection, quantify burden, and refine risk prediction. Collectively, these innovations provide a more comprehensive approach to coronary artery disease evaluation and support personalized management strategies.

Aortic stenosis (AS), the most common valvular heart disease, is traditionally graded based on several echocardiographic quantitative parameters, such as aortic valve area (AVA), mean pressure gradient (MPG), and peak jet velocity (Vmax). This systematic review evaluates the clinical significance and prognostic implications of discordant high-gradient AS (DHG-AS), a distinct hemodynamic phenotype characterized by elevated MPG despite a preserved AVA (>1.0 cm2). Although often overlooked, DHG-AS presents unique diagnostic and therapeutic challenges, as high gradients remain a strong predictor of adverse outcomes despite moderately reduced AVA. Sixty-three studies were included following rigorous selection and quality assessment of the key studies. Prognostic outcomes across five key studies were discrepant: some showed better survival in DHG-AS compared to concordant high-gradient AS (CHG-AS), while others reported similar or worse outcomes. For instance, a retrospective observational study including 3209 patients with AS found higher mortality in CHG-AS (unadjusted HR: 1.4; 95% CI: 1.1 to 1.7), whereas another retrospective multicenter study including 2724 patients with AS observed worse outcomes in DHG-AS (adjusted HR: 1.59; 95% CI: 1.04 to 2.56). These discrepancies may stem from delays in intervention or heterogeneity in study populations. Despite the diagnostic ambiguity, the presence of high gradients warrants careful evaluation, aggressive risk stratification, and timely management. Current guidelines recommend a multimodal approach combining echocardiography, computed tomography (CT) calcium scoring, transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) planimetry, and, when needed, catheterization. Anatomic AVA assessment by TEE, CT, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) can improve diagnostic accuracy by directly visualizing valve morphology and planimetry-based AVA, helping to clarify the true severity in discordant cases. However, these modalities are limited by factors such as image quality (especially with TEE), radiation exposure and contrast use (in CT), and availability or contraindications (in CMR). Management remains largely based on CHG-AS protocols, with intervention primarily guided by transvalvular gradient and symptom burden. The variability among the different guidelines in defining severity and therapeutic thresholds highlights the need for tailored approaches in DHG-AS. DHG-AS is clinically relevant and associated with substantial prognostic uncertainty. Timely recognition and individualized treatment could improve outcomes in this complex subgroup.

ABSTRACT Background Sodium‐glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2‐Is) are primarily used to manage type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and heart failure (HF), but their impact on reducing stroke risk in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) remains underexplored. We aimed to investigate the impact of SGLT2‐Is for stroke risk mitigation in patients with AF. Methods Using the TriNetX database, we performed a retrospective cohort study on patients ≥ 18 years with AF and on anticoagulation. These patients were then classified into two cohorts based on their use of SGLT2‐Is. To balance the baseline demographics, comorbidities, and medication use, propensity score matching (PSM) was used. The primary outcome was ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes, and the secondary outcomes were all‐cause mortality, all‐cause hospitalizations, need for AF cardioversion or antiarrhythmic drug initiation, and cardiac arrest. Adjusted odds ratio (aORs) and hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated for both the primary and secondary outcomes. Results A total of 152,778 patients with 76,389 patients were included in each cohort (SGLT2‐Is users, and non‐users) after PSM. The mean age of both SGLT2‐Is users and non‐users was 72.8 years. For the SGLT2‐Is users, the mean follow‐up period was 317 days, whereas the mean follow‐up period for the non‐users was 306 days. For the primary outcome, we found that SGLT2‐Is users had a lower risk of ischemic stroke (aOR: 0.889; 95% CI: 0.857–0.923) and hemorrhagic stroke (aOR: 0.682; 95% CI: 0.620–0.749) compared to non‐users. Regarding the secondary outcomes, SGLT2‐Is users also had lower risk for all‐cause mortality (aOR: 0.615; 95% CI: 0.595–0.636), all‐cause hospitalizations (aOR: 0.599; 95% CI: 0.587–0.611), need of AF cardioversion (aOR: 0.846; 95% CI: 0.813–0.881), antiarrhythmic drug initiation (aOR: 0.790; 95% CI: 0.766–0.815), and cardiac arrest (aOR: 0.643; 95% CI: 0.601–0.688). Conclusions SGLT2‐I use in patients with AF is associated with lower risks of stroke and other cardiovascular and non‐cardiovascular outcomes. Future prospective research is needed to validate these findings.

Myocardial deformation imaging has emerged as a valuable clinical tool for assessing right ventricular (RV) systolic function, providing additional diagnostic and prognostic insights compared to traditional indices of RV function. Two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography is currently the standardized method of choice for measuring RV longitudinal strain (RVLS) in clinical practice. RVLS provides a more sensitive indicator of subtle myocardial dysfunction than conventional parameters for RV function assessment (i.e., tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, tissue Doppler systolic velocity, fractional area change, or RV ejection fraction), with utility for the risk stratification and surveillance of conditions affecting the right heart. However, accurate interpretation of RVLS requires a comprehensive understanding of RV mechanics, pathology, and loading conditions across various cardiovascular conditions, as well as the effects of image quality and technical aspects of image acquisition and tracking in RV strain measurements. This review provides an updated overview of current practical guidelines for RV strain analysis, current clinical applications, and future directions for its potential use in clinical practice.