Citations

Abstract Purpose: Dendritic cells (DC) may be the most effective way of delivering oncolytic viruses to patients. Reovirus, a naturally occurring oncolytic virus, is currently undergoing early clinical trials; however, intravenous delivery of the virus is hampered by pre-existing antiviral immunity. Systemic delivery via cell carriage is a novel approach currently under investigation and initial studies have indicated its feasibility by using a variety of cell types and viruses. This study addressed the efficacy of human DC to transport virus in the presence of human neutralizing serum. Experimental Design: Following reovirus-loading, DC or T cells were cocultured with melanoma cells with or without neutralizing serum; the melanoma cells were then analyzed for cell death. Following reovirus loading, cells were examined by electron microscopy to identify mechanisms of delivery. The phagocytic function of reovirus-loaded DC was investigated by using labeled tumor cells and the ability of reovirus-loaded DC to prime T cells was also investigated. Results: In the presence of human neutralizing serum DC, but not T cells, were able to deliver reovirus for melanoma cell killing in vitro. Electron microscopy suggested that DC protected the virus by internalization, whereas with T cells it remained bound to the surface and hence accessible to neutralizing antibodies. Furthermore, DC loaded with reovirus were fully functional with regard to phagocytosis and priming of specific antitumor immune responses. Conclusions: The delivery of reovirus via DC could be a promising new approach offering the possibility of combining systemic viral therapy for metastatic disease with induction of an antitumor immune response. Clin Cancer Res; 17(9); 2767–76. ©2011 AACR.

Purpose The serum free light chain (FLC) assay quantitates free kappa (κ) and free lambda (λ) immunoglobulin light chains. This assay has prognostic value in plasma cell proliferative disorders. There are limited data on serum FLC in B-cell malignancies. Patients and Methods The association of pretreatment FLC with event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) was evaluated in 76 patients from the North Central Cancer Treatment Group trial N0489 (NCT00301821) and 219 patients from the University of Iowa/Mayo Clinic Specialized Program of Research Excellence Molecular Epidemiology Resource (MER). Published reference ranges were used to define an elevated FLC or an abnormal κ:λ FLC ratio. Results Elevated FLC or abnormal κ:λ FLC ratio was present in 32% and 14% of patients, respectively. Patients with elevated FLC had an inferior OS and EFS in both cohorts compared with patients with normal FLC (N0489: EFS hazard ratio [HR], 3.06; OS HR, 3.16; both P < .02; MER: EFS HR, 2.42; OS HR, 3.40; both P < .001; combined EFS HR, 2.57; OS HR, 3.74; both P < .001). All associations remained significant for EFS and OS after adjusting for the International Prognostic Index (IPI). Abnormal κ:λ FLC ratio was modestly associated with outcome in the combined group (EFS HR, 1.61; OS HR, 1.67; both P = .07), but not in patients without corresponding elevated κ or λ. Elevated FLC was the strongest predictor of outcome in multivariable models with the IPI components. Conclusion Increased serum FLC is an independent, adverse prognostic factor for EFS and OS in DLBCL and warrants further evaluation as a biomarker in DLBCL.

Purpose This phase III study compared the efficacy and safety of bevacizumab (BV) when combined with several standard chemotherapy regimens versus those regimens alone for first-line treatment of patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2–negative metastatic breast cancer. Patients and Methods Patients were randomly assigned in 2:1 ratio to chemotherapy plus BV or chemotherapy plus placebo. Before random assignment, investigators chose capecitabine (Cape; 2,000 mg/m 2 for 14 days), taxane (Tax) -based (nab-paclitaxel 260 mg/m 2 , docetaxel 75 or 100 mg/m 2 ), or anthracycline (Anthra) -based (doxorubicin or epirubicin combinations [doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide, epirubicin/cyclophosphamide, fluorouracil/epirubicin/cyclophosphamide, or fluorouracil/doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide]) chemotherapy administered every 3 weeks. BV or placebo was administered at 15 mg/kg every 3 weeks. The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS). Secondary end points included overall survival (OS), 1-year survival rate, objective response rate, duration of objective response, and safety. Two independently powered cohorts defined by the choice of chemotherapy (Cape patients or pooled Tax/Anthra patients) were analyzed in parallel. Results RIBBON-1 (Regimens in Bevacizumab for Breast Oncology) enrolled 1,237 patients (Cape cohort, n = 615; Tax/Anthra cohort, n = 622). Median PFS was longer for each BV combination (Cape cohort: increased from 5.7 months to 8.6 months; hazard ratio [HR], 0.69; 95% CI, 0.56 to 0.84; log-rank P < .001; and Tax/Anthra cohort: increased from 8.0 months to 9.2 months; HR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.52 to 0.80; log-rank P < .001). No statistically significant differences in OS between the placebo- and BV-containing arms were observed. Safety was consistent with results of prior BV trials. Conclusion The combination of BV with Cape, Tax, or Anthra improves clinical benefit in terms of increased PFS in first-line treatment of metastatic breast cancer, with a safety profile comparable to prior phase III studies.

Percutaneous transluminal renal stenting (PTRS) does not consistently improve renal function in patients with atherosclerotic renovascular disease, but the mechanisms underlying irreversible kidney injury have not been fully elucidated. We hypothesized that renal dysfunction after PTRS is linked to ongoing renal microvascular (MV) remodeling. Pigs were studied after 10 wk of atherosclerosis and renal artery stenosis (ARAS), ARAS treated with PTRS 4 wk earlier, and normal controls ( n = 10 each). Renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were studied using multidetector computer tomography. Renal microvascular architecture (micro-CT), angiogenic activity, oxidative stress, and fibrosis were evaluated ex vivo. Four weeks after PTRS, blood pressure was normalized. However, GFR and RBF remained similarly decreased in untreated ARAS and ARAS+PTRS ( P < 0.05 vs. normal). MV rarefaction was unaltered after revascularization, and the spatial density of outer cortical microvessels correlated with residual GFR. Interstitial fibrosis and altered expression of proangiogenic and profibrotic factors persisted after PTRS. Tubulointerstitial injury in ARAS persisted 4 wk after mechanically successful PTRS, and vessel loss correlated with residual renal dysfunction. MV loss and fibrosis in swine ARAS might account for persistent renal dysfunction after PTRS and underscore the need to assess renal parenchymal disease before revascularization.

Abstract Lung cancers are often characterized by numerical chromosome instability. Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is a well-known human lung carcinogen; however, its carcinogenic mechanism remains unknown. Studies show that solubility plays a key role in its carcinogenicity, with the particulate, or insoluble, compounds being the most potent carcinogens. Epidemiological and whole animal studies pinpoint particulate zinc chromate as the most potent Cr(VI) carcinogen; however, few studies have investigated its carcinogenic mechanism. Therefore, the goal of this study was to determine if zinc chromate induces numerical chromosome instability in human lung cells. We found that exposure to zinc chromate for 24 h did not induce aneuploidy but longer exposures induced both concentration- and time-dependent increases in aneuploid metaphases. For example, exposure to 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2 ug/cm2 zinc chromate for 120 h induced 28, 40 and 44 percent aneuploid metaphases, respectively, with increases in hypodiploid, hyperdiploid and tetraploid metaphases. Consistent with the aneuploidy data, a 24 h exposure to zinc chromate did not induce centrosome amplification but more chronic exposures induced concentration- and time-dependent increases in centrosome amplification in both interphase and mitotic cells. Exposure to 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2 ug/cm2 zinc chromate for 120 h induced centrosome amplification in 13.9, 18 and 21.3 percent of interphase cells and 21, 33 and 46 percent of mitotic cells. In order to determine the mechanism of centrosome amplification, we investigated the number of centrioles in each centrosome and found that cells with amplified centrosomes exhibited centrosomes with normal centriole pairs and centrosomes with centriolar defects indicating multiple mechanisms are involved in zinc chromate-induced centrosome amplification. Lastly, we found that chronic exposure to zinc chromate induced a prolonged G2 arrest. All together, these data indicate that chronic exposure to zinc chromate induces numerical chromosome instability via centrosome amplification in human lung cells. This work was supported by NIEHS grant ES016893 (J.P.W.), cooperative agreement #EP-08-01 through the Maine Space Grant Consortium (J.P.W.), EPA GRO Fellowship MA-91685401 (A.L.H.) and the Maine Center for Toxicology and Environmental Health at the University of Southern Maine. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3473.

Abstract Background. Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) is a fat soluble vitamin found mainly in green leafy vegetables, with smaller amounts found in other vegetables, vegetable oils, and some fruits. Vitamin K-dependent gamma-carboxylation of specific glumatic acid residues is critical to the functioning of several key proteins in the coagulation cascade. Vitamin K compounds also inhibit IL-6 and other inflammatory cytokines and serve as transcription factors that foster cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis, pathways relevant to lymphomagenesis. We tested the hypothesis that dietary and supplemental intake of Vitamin K was inversely associated with risk of NHL and the common subtypes of diffuse large B cell, follicular, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphomas. Methods. We evaluated dietary and supplemental intake of vitamin K and NHL risk in a clinic-based study of 603 newly diagnosed NHL cases and 1007 frequency-matched controls enrolled at the Mayo Clinic from 2002-2008. Usual diet two years before case diagnosis or control enrollment was assessed using a self-administered, 128-item food frequency questionnaire. Dietary intake of vitamin K was estimated using the Food Processor SQL system. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), adjusted for age, sex, residence, and total energy. NHL subtypes were centrally reviewed, and subtype-specific risks were estimated using polychotomous logistic regression. Results. The mean age at diagnosis was 60.8 years for cases and 57% were male; for controls, the mean age at enrollment was 60.1 years and 53% were male. Median intake of vitamin K from diet among controls was 63.5 ug/day; 16% used a multivitamin supplement that included vitamin K. NHL risk was inversely associated with intake of dietary vitamin K (p-trend=0.001); compared to intake &lt;39.3 ug/d, risk was decreased for intakes of 39.3-63.4 ug/d (OR=0.76; 95% CI 0.57-1.02), 63.5-107.7 ug/d (OR=0.74; 95% CI 0.55-1.00), and &gt;107.7 (OR=0.56; 95% CI 0.40-0.77). There was an U-shaped association for supplemental intake of Vitamin K and NHL risk; compared to no use, supplemental intake of &lt;5.9 ug/d (OR=0.63; 95% CI 0.37-1.08) and 5.9-17.6 ug/d (OR=0.53; 95% CI 0.30-0.93) were inversely associated with NHL risk, while intake of &gt;17.6 ug/d (OR=1.13; 95% CI 0.73-1.74) showed no association. There was no evidence of heterogeneity by NHL subtype (p=0.4). Further adjustment for education, family history of NHL, pack-years of smoking, body mass index, and alcohol consumption did not alter these results, nor did adjustment for a food-frequency questionnaire-based estimate of total antioxidant intake. Conclusion: Higher intake of vitamin K from the diet was inversely associated with risk of NHL overall and for the major subtypes. These first results, which require replication, suggest that the coagulation pathway or other biologic effects of vitamin K may play a role in lymphomagenesis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2811.

Abstract Background. MBL is defined as a monoclonal expansion of B lymphocytes (&lt; 5 × 109/L) in the blood without associated lymphadenopathy or organomegaly; MBLs with a chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) immunophenotype have been termed as CLL-like MBL. The prevalence of CLL-like MBL in the general population is 3.5-12% but increases with age; however, the frequency is even higher (∼13-18%) among unaffected relatives from CLL families (i.e., families with two or more CLL members). We and others have found that a small proportion of individuals with CLL-like MBL individuals and lymphocytosis will progress to CLL requiring treatment (∼1.1% per year). Because CLL and NHL have been shown to aggregate together within families, suggesting a shared pathogenesis, we evaluated the frequency of MBL in NHL families. Methods. Individuals were obtained from an ongoing study of NHL families (i.e., families with 2 or more NHL members). However, we limited to NHL families with at most 1 individual with CLL due to the known increased frequency of MBL in CLL families. Multi-color flow cytometry was performed on fresh peripheral blood samples. A CBC and differential count was simultaneously obtained using an automated blood cell counter. Five possible flow diagnoses were defined as: CLL-like MBL (CD5+CD20dim), atypical MBL (CD5+CD20bright), non-CLL like MBL (CD5−), and normal immunophenotype (NIPT). Medical records of NHL cases were reviewed to confirm disease. Results. A total of 30 individuals from 16 NHL families had available flow cytometry results. The mean age at flow analysis was 56 years (range 37− 83 years). We identified 5 individuals with MBL from 4 families: 3 of the 6 had CLL-like MBL, 1 had atypical MBL, and 1 had non-CLL like MBL. The remaining 25 individuals had a NIPT. Thus, the MBL rate in NHL families is 17% (5/30). Among the CD5+ MBL (both CLL-like and atypical MBL) individuals, all were female and the mean absolute lymphocyte count was 1.4 × 109/L. Of interest, 1 of the CLL-like MBL individuals is from a family where two members had monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance (MGUS). Conclusion: Our data show that MBLs of various phenotypes can be found at a higher prevalence in NHL families than that of the general population. Further, the frequency of MBL in NHL families is comparable to that of CLL families. Although more work is needed, our results suggest that MBL may be clustering within NHL families, and thus support a possible common inherited predisposition of NHL and CLL, with MBL signifying a shared early pathogenetic step. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1853.

Abstract Rationale: Given recent success in delivering interferon-beta (IFNβ) using replication incompetent adenovirus in patients with malignant pleural effusions, we hypothesized that vectors that could replicate (inducing oncolysis) and express IFNβ at high level would be more effective. Both vaccinia virus (VV) and vesicular stomatitis (VSV) expressing mouse IFNβ have been constructed in a manner to improve their safety and efficacy as oncolytic vectors. In this study, we evaluated these two oncolytic vectors in different murine thoracic cancer models for clinical translation. Experimental procedures: We compared the efficacy of VVIFNβ and VSVIFNβ to kill 3 mouse lung cancer and 4 mouse mesothelioma lines in vitro over a 5 day-period assessing cell viability by MTT assay. The amount of IFNβ produced by these two vectors were measured with ELISA. The viral replication in infected mice was assessed by measuring viral titers in both immunocompetent and immunodeficient mice bearing an IFN-non-responsive AB12 tumor, following intratumoral injection of either vector at 108 pfu/mouse. To assess their anti-tumor activity, the two vectors were also given at 108 pfu/mouse intratumorally in mice bearing two lung cancer tumors on their flanks. Results: The replication of VSVIFNβ and its killing ability was limited in some of the tumor lines. This appeared to be due to an intact IFN response pathway. In contrast, VVIFNβ was able to kill all of the tumor lines. In culture, VSV replicates faster than VV, which resulted in faster cell killing (in susceptible cell lines), but with less IFNβ production. The amount of IFNβ production by VVIFNβ was comparable with AdIFNβ over a 5 day period. VVIFNβ-infected immunodeficient mice showed minimal or no toxicity when given virus intravenously, while all 5 mice infected with VSVIFNβ developed neurotoxicity within a week. In the TC-1 lung cancer model, VVIFNβ caused tumor regression, while VSVIFNβ and AdIFNβ were completely ineffective. In a second model using LKRM2, all 3 viral vectors were equivalent. The anti-tumor effect of VVIFNβ was shown to be mainly CD8 dependant, as depletion of CD8 with antibody dampened the tumor growth inhibition from 48% to 20%. Conclusions: Overall, VVIFNβ appears to be a better oncolytic vector than VSVIFNβ for a number of reasons: 1) it is safer, 2) it is able to replicate in vitro and in vivo in almost every cell line tested, 3) it induces longer and larger IFNβ production, and 4) it can potentially be given intravenously. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1513.

Abstract Background. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) case-control studies consistently demonstrate the G-308A promoter polymorphism in the tumor necrosis factor gene on chromosome 6p21.3 to be associated with increased risk of the NHL subtype, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Initial results from a genome-wide association study have implicated a polymorphism located on 6p21.33 with increased risk of the follicular lymphoma subtype. In the present analysis, we evaluated 488 candidate gene regions (defined as 20kb 5’, 10kb 3’) and their relation to risk for NHL and the DLBCL and follicular lymphoma subtypes with a particular focus on genes within the 6p21 chromosomal region. Methods. We genotyped 6679 tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 947 cases and 826 population-based controls from a multicenter U.S.-based case-control study. Genotyping was conducted on a custom-designed Illumina Infinium assay at the NCI Core Genotyping Facility. We obtained a gene region-level summary of association by computing the minimum p-value (“minP test”). We used logistic regression to evaluate the association between single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypes and haplotypes with NHL (adjusted for sex, race and age). For NHL subtypes, we conducted polytomous multivariate unconditional logistic regression. We evaluated tests for trend under the co-dominant model used a three-level ordinal variable for each SNP. Results. We identified 34 gene regions significantly associated with all NHL (p &lt;0.05). The three most significant gene regions were all found on chromosome 6p21.3 (RING1/RXRB; AIF1/BAT2; BAT4, p=0.001). Within those gene regions, the most significant SNPs (p&lt;0.0002) were rs2855429 and rs213213 (RING1/RXRB), rs2857597 and rs3130071 (AIF1/BAT2), and rs3115667 (BAT4). All five SNPs were statistically significantly associated with both DLBCL and follicular lymphoma. Additional gene regions on 6p21.3 associated with NHL include MSH5 (p=0.009), FAM46A (p=0.01) and TNXB/CREBL1 (p=0.04). Stratification by age and gender did not alter our results; consistent results were observed in analyses restricted to non-Hispanic Caucasians. Haplotype analyses yielded the same regions and SNPs of significance. Detailed analysis of the 6p21.3 region will be presented. Conclusions. Our results further implicate gene variants within the 6p21.3 chromosomal region in NHL etiology. Full characterization of the 6p21.3 region and identification of functional variants within this region are warranted for understanding lymphomagenesis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 935.