Citations

Wearable inertial measurement units (IMUs) offer an accessible alternative to optical motion capture (MoCap) gait analysis, but their performance in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) requires validation. We assessed the concurrent validity of IMU-derived versus MoCap-derived gait metrics and static postural sway in 30 patients with PSP using Bland–Altman analysis, Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC), and Spearman rank correlations. Finally, we assessed equivalence using the Two one-sided tests (TOST) procedure. Multivariable linear regression was used to determine whether clinical severity, as measured by the PSP Rating Scale (PSPRS), independently predicted absolute IMU measurement error while controlling for patient age and gait velocity. IMUs demonstrated excellent between-system agreement for parameters such as cadence (100.76 ± 11.42 vs. 100.52 ± 11.59) and cycle time (1.21 ± 0.15 vs. 1.22 ± 0.15; ICC > 0.98), despite a systematic underestimation of gait velocity (p < 0.05). Agreement significantly diminished for micro-phases (e.g., single/double support times) and spatial asymmetry. Interestingly, the TOST procedure revealed that only sagittal and transverse trunk kinematics were equivalent between systems, with all other measures failing to find equivalency. For static sway, the IMU demonstrated strong rank-order correspondence for tracking relative postural instability (ρ = 0.82, p < 0.05). Multivariable analysis revealed that higher PSPRS scores are independently associated with greater between-system discrepancies in support phases and pelvic and trunk kinematics (p < 0.05), irrespective of reduced gait speed. These findings highlight the need to develop disease-specific algorithms, rather than relying on normative commercial models, to establish reliable digital biomarkers for monitoring progressive motor decline.

ABSTRACT TAR DNA‐binding protein 43 (TDP‐43) inclusions are defining pathological features of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) but are also often observed in Alzheimer's disease ( AD ) and primary age‐related tauopathy (PART). TDP‐43 in AD is either associated with cognitive impairment or a protective‐life prolonging impact, and yet the localization, cellular and fragment characteristics of TDP‐43 need to be determined. We investigated the relationships between TDP‐43 volumetric inclusion burden in low likelihood AD (lAD) and definite PART by immunostaining against phosphorylated TDP‐43 (pTDP‐43), TDP‐43 C terminal (TDP‐C) and TDP‐43 N‐terminal (TDP‐N) fragments combined with 3D confocal imaging taken from eight regions: amygdala (basolateral [amygdala‐BL] and centromedial amygdala [amygdala‐CM]), the hippocampus (Cornu Ammonis [CA]‐1, CA2/3, CA4, dentate gyrus [DG] and subiculum [SUB]) and entorhinal cortex (ERC) and artificial intelligence (AI)–based segmentation via object recognition, reconstruction and quantification. We found amygdala‐CM in lAD and PART to have the overall greatest burden of pTDP‐43 whereas TDP‐N burden in amygdala‐BL of PART cases was greater than other TDP‐43 fragments. There was no difference in TDP‐43 burden in hippocampal subfields in PART. However, CA2/3 region showed greater pTDP‐43 burden while TDP‐N stood out in DG and SUB. Multiple comparisons among the groups revealed that TDP‐C was the only fragment showing differences among PART and lAD in CA2/3, DG and SUB regions. Overall, unbiased AI‐based volumetric burden analysis pipeline demonstrated unique fragment aggregation patterns in the neurodegenerative processes of PART and AD .

Abstract TAR DNA‐binding protein 43 (TDP‐43) inclusions are often associated with hyperphosphorylated tau, thus neurofibrillary tangles as the hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and primary age‐related tauopathy (PART). TDP‐43 in AD is associated with cognitive impairment, and while staging is known, the localization, cellular and inclusion characteristics of TDP‐43 are yet to be elucidated. We investigate relationships between TDP‐43 inclusions and the tangle maturation continuum in AD, PART, and co‐pathologies by multiplex immunostaining combined with artificial intelligence (AI)–based segmentation via object recognition, reconstruction, and quantification. We performed anti‐phosphorylated TDP‐43 immunofluorescence with phosphorylated tau labeling different stages and modifications of tangles (AT8, pS396, TauC3, MN423, GT38) in three controls, three cases with PART and TDP‐43 (PART‐TDP), five cases with high likelihood AD and TDP‐43 (AD‐TDP), and four cases of high likelihood AD with TDP‐43 and Lewy Body disease (AD‐TDP‐LBD). Confocal imaging was taken from eight regions: amygdala (amygdala‐BL and amygdala‐CM) and hippocampus (Cornu Ammonis (CA)‐1, CA2/3, CA4, dentate gyrus (DG), subiculum (SUB)), and entorhinal cortex (ERC) and quantified with AI segmentation to identify 3D spatial relations, thus the maturity of neurofibrillary tangle associated TDP‐43 (TAT) inclusions. TATs, which were either identified by pTDP‐43 and AT8 or pTDP‐43 and pS396 double positivity, were also investigated by Thioflavin S (ThioS) histochemistry. We found pS396 labeled mature TATs predominated in PART and AD in every region. Basolateral and centromedial amygdala displayed overall greatest number of pre‐TATs and mature TATs. Mature TATs were homogenously distributed among hippocampal subfields whereas CA4 and DG had the greatest mature TAT composition. ERC revealed closer numbers of pre‐TATs and mature TATs yet mature TATs predominated all groups. Unbiased AI‐based object identification, reconstruction, and TAT maturation analysis pipeline in conjunction with TDP‐43, tau, and ThioS multiplex immunostaining demonstrated unique aggregation and maturation patterns, highlighting region‐specific dynamics in the neurodegenerative processes of PART and AD.

Ascites development in cirrhosis reduces 5-year survival from 80% to 30%, yet substantial heterogeneity exists among patients with comparable ascites severity. This multicenter retrospective cohort study included adult liver transplant candidates with ascites at 4 United States centers (2015–2024). Latent class analysis was performed using 7 clinical variables: ascites grade, bilirubin, albumin, platelet count, estimated glomerular filtration rate, systolic blood pressure, and portal vein thrombosis. The derivation cohort (n=625) from the University of California San Francisco and Columbia University was randomly split 80/20 for model development and internal validation. External validation was performed at the University of Southern California (n=59) and Mayo Clinic (n=93). Primary outcomes were acute kidney injury (AKI) and waitlist mortality over 365 days. Three phenotypes emerged: “CKD-Metabolic” (30.4%, lowest eGFR 76.5 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ), “Vasodilatory-Synthetic Dysfunction” (38.9%, highest bilirubin 7.03 mg/dL, lowest blood pressure 117.5 mmHg), and “PVT-Intermediate” (30.7%, severe thrombocytopenia 68.1×10 3 /μL, 24.0% PVT). In validation cohorts (n=305), phenotypes demonstrated robust classification (mean posterior probability 0.823–0.855). Vasodilatory-Synthetic Dysfunction showed increased AKI risk versus CKD-Metabolic in derivation (MELD 3.0-adjusted HR 2.95, 95% CI 2.07–4.22, p <0.001) and validation cohorts (HR 3.39, 95% CI 1.93–5.94, p <0.001). Competing risk analysis revealed no mortality differences, but Vasodilatory-Synthetic Dysfunction was associated with higher transplantation rates (validation: HR 1.63, 95% CI 1.19–2.22, p =0.002). Three reproducible clinical phenotypes of ascites were identified with distinct risk profiles. The Vasodilatory-Synthetic Dysfunction phenotype was associated with a 3-fold increase in the risk of AKI that persisted after adjustment for MELD 3.0. No differences in waitlist mortality were observed, likely reflecting effective MELD-based transplant allocation that preferentially removes the highest-acuity patients from the waitlist.

ABO incompatibility is frequent in haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), yet the clinical impact of non-ABO red blood cell (RBC) alloimmunisation remains less defined. We describe the clinical course of a man in his 50s with chronic eosinophilic leukaemia who underwent a mismatched unrelated donor (MMUD) HSCT. Despite a major ABO mismatch and high-titre pre-existing anti-E antibodies against an E-antigen positive donor, the patient achieved successful trilineage engraftment without haemolysis. Six months after the transplant, he developed severe pancytopenia and a positive direct antiglobulin test (DAT) with anti-E elution. These serologic findings coincided with disease relapse rather than isolated immune-mediated haemolysis. This case illustrates that successful engraftment is possible across RhE-incompatibility and underscores the need to interpret late serologic abnormalities within the broader context of graft function and disease status.

Importance In a phase 2 randomized clinical trial, high-dose vitamin D 3 added to standard treatment improved progression-free survival (PFS) compared with standard-dose vitamin D 3 in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Objective To determine if high-dose vitamin D 3 added to standard chemotherapy improves outcomes in patients with previously untreated mCRC. Design, Setting, and Participants Double-blind phase 3 randomized clinical trial enrolling 455 patients with previously untreated mCRC, conducted in the US through the National Clinical Trials Network from October 2019 to December 2022 (database freeze: July 15, 2024). Interventions mFOLFOX6 (modified FOLFOX6 [5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, oxaliplatin]) or FOLFIRI (5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, irinotecan) plus bevacizumab every 2 weeks with either high-dose vitamin D 3 (8000 IU daily × 14 days as loading dose followed by 4000 IU daily) or standard-dose vitamin D 3 (400 IU daily) until disease progression, intolerable toxicity, or withdrawal of consent. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary end point was PFS assessed by the unstratified log-rank test. Secondary end points included objective response rate, overall survival, and toxicity. Prespecified subgroup analyses of PFS were performed according to known prognostic factors. Results Among 455 randomized patients (median age, 59 years; 181 [40%] female) with median follow-up 20 months, the median PFS for high-dose vitamin D 3 (n = 228) was 11.8 months (95% CI, 10.3-13.3) vs 10.3 months (95% CI, 9.4-12.2) for standard-dose vitamin D 3 (n = 227) (1-sided log-rank P = .25). There were no significant differences in objective response rate between high-dose and standard-dose vitamin D 3 (51% [95% CI, 44%-58%] vs 44% [95% CI, 37%-50%], respectively; P = .12), or in overall survival (median, 25.6 vs 27.0 months; 1-sided log-rank P = .66). There were no clinically meaningful differences in the most common grade 3 or greater adverse events between the high- and standard-dose groups, including neutropenia (n = 67 [32%] vs n = 62 [30%]) and hypertension (n = 42 [20%] vs n = 49 [23%]) or in incidence of vitamin D–associated toxicities. Conclusions and Relevance Among patients with previously untreated mCRC, addition of high-dose vitamin D 3 , vs standard-dose vitamin D 3 , to standard chemotherapy plus bevacizumab did not improve PFS. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04094688