Citations

Importance Little is known about how factors external to the workplace, such as spousal support, influence physician attrition. Objectives To explore associations of spousal support among married/partnered physicians with both ‘hard’ attrition ((HA), considering leaving academic medicine within 2 years) and ‘soft’ attrition ((SA), having ever considered part-time work), before and after adjusting for demographic variables, burnout and satisfaction with work-life integration (WLI). Design This cross-sectional survey study was conducted among faculty physicians employed at Mayo Clinic. Outcomes and measures Survey items measured demographics, spousal support (five items), HA, SA, satisfaction with WLI (single-item measure) and burnout (two-item measure). Check-all-that-apply questions explored reasons for considering attrition. We investigated associations of spousal career support with attrition consideration using logistic regression analyses, adjusting for demographic variables then for WLI satisfaction and burnout. Results 739/2103 physicians responded (response rate 35.1%); 666 (90.1%) were married or partnered and responded to the HA question. 42.5% (283/666) reported considering HA and 60.9% of full-time employees (288/473) had ever considered SA. 65.5% (437/666) considered any attrition (AA). Respondents reporting more frequent spousal career support had lower odds of HA (OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.68 to 0.94, p=0.006), though this was not significant when considering AA (OR 0.85, 95% CI 0.71 to 1.01, p=0.07). Neither association was significant after adjusting for WLI satisfaction and burnout (OR 1.01, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.29, p=0.91 (HA), OR 1.10, 95% CI 0.86 to 1.37, p=0.45 (any attrition)). Conclusions While spousal support was no longer significantly associated with attrition after adjusting for WLI satisfaction and burnout, it may mitigate attrition.

Objectives: To summarize current evidence for radiotherapy in the treatment of OA. The population, intervention, comparator, and outcome questions included: What is the role of LDRT for treatment of OA?; What are risks of LDRT?; and What are the optimal RT techniques for OA? Methods: This multispecialty-led committee includes radiation oncologists, rheumatologists, orthopedic surgeons, and a patient advocate. Using the population, intervention, comparator, outcome, timing and study design (PICOTS) framework, evidence regarding treatment outcomes was assessed using Cochrane and PRISMA methodology. Eligible studies included prospective and retrospective (n≥50) studies published between January 1, 2010, and May 10, 2025, from Embase, Medline, and PubMed databases. Study type and quality were assessed. Well-established RAND-UCLA consensus methodology (modified Delphi) was used to rate the appropriateness of the treatment options. Results: Of the 548 articles identified using the search strategy, 44 were selected for inclusion. Eight additional studies were identified through backward citation searching. Ten well-designed studies accounting for biases, 15 moderately well-designed studies accounting for the most common biases, 18 studies with design limitations, 8 supplemental studies not useful as primary evidence, and 1 meta-analysis were included. Additional studies were included to provide context and were not used to guide recommendations. The results of this analysis demonstrate that LDRT results in an overall treatment response rate of 60% to 90%, with significant clinical benefits including pain reduction, increased joint mobility, and improved quality of life. Conclusions: This systematic review and consensus guidelines for LDRT treatment of OA are based on current evidence. Further high-quality studies are warranted.

SUMMARY Aging is accompanied by profound changes in bladder function, leading to increased urinary frequency and incontinence that impair quality of life in humans and are recapitulated in mouse models. Bladder filling and emptying rely on precise mechanosensory feedback, yet how aging alters this sensory control remains unclear. PIEZO ion channels convert mechanical forces into cellular signals essential for bladder fullness sensation. Using inducible smooth-muscle specific Piezo1 deletion, we find that loss of Piezo1 attenuates aging-related bladder dysfunction. Dietary enrichment with margaric acid, a membrane-active fatty acid previously shown to inhibit PIEZO channels, reduced urinary dysfunction in aged mice. In humans, genotype–phenotype analyses reveal an association between a PIEZO1 gain-of-function variant and early-onset neuromuscular bladder dysfunction. Together, these findings define a smooth-muscle, PIEZO1-mediated mechanosensory basis for aging-related bladder dysfunction and introduce a non-invasive strategy for targeting PIEZO channels in vivo .

Background/Objectives: White matter (WM) tract detection is critical in the presurgical planning of tumor resection. However, standard-of-care imaging techniques including T1-weighted, T2-weighted, and Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) often fail to identify WM tracts within edematous regions. In T1/T2-weighted imaging, edema increases extracellular water and reduces tissue contrast, and in diffusion-weighted imaging, edema elevates isotropic diffusion, reducing sensitivity to anisotropic diffusion along WM tracts. Advanced biophysical diffusion modeling techniques such as Neurite Orientation Dispersion and Density Imaging (NODDI) and the Standard Model (SM) address this limitation by compartmentalizing the diffusion signal into free-water, intra-neurite, and extra-neurite contributions. Here, we test if biophysical multi-compartment models can robustly identify WM tracts and recover tractography streamlines within edematous regions. Methods: In this study, we use multi-shell diffusion-weighted MRI data obtained from patients with meningiomas—a pathology allowing for isolation of the effects of edema without the confounding effects of tumor cell invasion. We compared FA from standard and free-water-corrected DTI, the orientation dispersion index (ODI) from NODDI, and P2 (a scalar descriptor of fiber orientation coherence) from the SM fODF in edematous and unaffected contralateral WM regions. As a proof of concept, we visually evaluated the tractography performance across models. Results: Our results show that (1 − ODI) and P2 values in edema remained close to within-subject contralateral measurements, contrasting with substantial reductions in FA and FW-FA. (1 − ODI) showed a small but statistically significant increase in edema (~8%, p = 0.02), while P2 was unchanged. Conclusions: These results highlight the potential of biophysical diffusion models for preoperative mapping in edema.

Current treatments for choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and its associated subretinal fibrosis (SRF), major causes of vision loss, are limited by the need for frequent intravitreal injections and the emergence of drug resistance. This study evaluated the safety and efficacy of the intravitreal administration of engineered humanized anti-vascular endothelial growth factor Nanobodies, including a wild-type Nanobody (WHNb) and two mutated variants (MHNb136 and MHNb256), in a rat model of laser-induced CNV and associated SRF. Safety was assessed through in vivo electrophysiological and histopathological analyses following intravitreal injection of Nanobodies at doses of 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 µg. Efficacy was evaluated in rat models of laser-induced CNV and SRF using double immunohistochemistry for isolectin B4 and anti-collagen type I on sclerochoroidal flat mounts. Mean CNV and SRF areas in Nanobody-treated groups were compared with those in bevacizumab-treated and sham control groups. None of the Nanobodies showed retinal toxicity in safety assessments. Compared with bevacizumab, MHNb136 and MHNb256 reduced the CNV area by 1.72-fold and 1.8-fold, respectively (both p < 0.0001), whereas WHNb showed an effect nearly identical to that of bevacizumab. In addition, 12.5 µg MHNb136 and 100 µg MHNb256 reduced the SRF area by 1.3-fold (p = 0.047) and 1.6-fold (p = 0.0007), respectively, relative to bevacizumab. For CNV reduction, 12.5 µg MHNb136 was comparable to 25 µg MHNb256; both outperformed bevacizumab. For SRF reduction, 12.5 µg MHNb136 was more effective than bevacizumab and comparable to 100 µg MHNb256. These findings suggest that 12.5 µg MHNb136 may represent a cost-effective bioengineered Nanobody candidate for future clinical studies.

Background: The impact of obesity on outcomes following total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) remains unclear, with existing literature reporting mixed results. Although some studies have identified obesity as a risk factor for perioperative complications and poor clinical outcomes, others have found no significant association. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between obesity, across a range of body mass index (BMI) classifications, and postoperative complications after TAA. Methods: Patients undergoing primary TAA were identified from a large national insurance database. Individuals with a BMI ≥30 were identified and matched 1:1 to nonobese controls using propensity score matching based on demographics and comorbidities. Obese patients were further stratified into BMI categories: 30-34.9, 35-39.9, 40-44.9, and ≥45. Ninety-day complications and 2-, 5-, and 10-year surgery-specific outcomes were assessed. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CIs and Kaplan-Meier survival analyses were used to evaluate complication risks. Results: After matching, 3364 patients were included in each cohort. No significant differences in 90-day complication rates were observed for patients with BMI 30-44.9 compared with controls. Patients with BMI ≥45 had increased risk of surgical site infection (OR 2.21, 95% CI 1.29-3.79, P = .003), emergency department visits (OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.04-1.96, P = .025), and readmissions (OR 2.31, 95% CI 1.47-3.63, P < .001). The pooled 90-day complication rate was significantly higher in this group as well (12.9% vs 7.6%, OR 1.77, 95% CI 1.26-2.48, P < .001). At 10-year follow-up, Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated that patients with a BMI ≥45 had a higher risk of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI compared with controls (hazard ratio 1.75, 95% CI 1.07-2.85, P = .03). Patients with BMI 30-34.9 had a significantly lower risk of aseptic loosening at both 5 years (OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.49-0.94, P = .019) and 10 years (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.48-0.88, P = .005). Conclusion: BMI ≥45 was associated with higher all-cause health care utilization, including emergency department visits and hospital readmissions, as well as higher long-term risk of PJI following TAA. Level of Evidence: Level III, retrospective cohort study.

Background The purpose of this study was to assess the clinical benefits of guideline‐directed medical therapy (GDMT) for heart failure (HF) in adults with congenital heart disease and HF with reduced ejection fraction. Methods HF with reduced ejection fraction was defined as stage B/C HF and systemic left ventricular ejection fraction <50%. GDMT score was assessed at baseline encounter (baseline GDMT score) and 1‐year follow‐up. GDMT uptitration was calculated as defined as ∆GDMT score from baseline. Cox regression was used to assess the relationship between HF therapy (baseline and ∆GDMT score) and outcomes (HF hospitalization and mortality). Results Of 778 patients (age 44±16, 480 [62%] males), baseline GDMT score was 2 (1, 3) and ∆GDMT score was 0.62 (95% CI, 0.55–0.69). Of 778, only 258 (33%) had GDMT uptitration (∆GDMT score >0). Higher use of GDMT at baseline (adjusted HR per 1 point increase in GDMT score 0.81, 95% CI, 0.74–0.88, P <0.001), and increased use of GDMT over time (adjusted HR for 1 point increase in ∆GDMT score HR 0.70, 95% CI, 0.61–0.79, P <0.001) were associated with lower risk of HF hospitalization. Higher baseline GDMT score (adjusted HR 0.85, 95% CI, 0.76–0.94, P <0.001), and ∆ GDMT score (adjusted HR 0.82, 95% CI, 0.71–0.94, P <0.000) were also associated with lower mortality. Conclusions GDMT use at baseline and GDMT uptitration were associated with improved outcomes and suggest a dose‐dependent relationship between use of GDMT and risk of adverse outcomes. Furthermore, 67% of patients did not receive GDMT uptitration, suggesting suboptimal therapy, and opportunities for improvement.

Objective The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) introduced Milestones in 2013 to aid the assessment of residents and fellows within the framework of the six core competencies of practice. Feedback from program directors and trainees, clinical competency committee processes, and milestone reporting identified the need for modification. This study represents a consensus-driven educational quality improvement initiative which describes the development, revision process, and key features of Critical Care Anesthesiology (CCA) Milestones 2.0, and provides lessons learned in adapting competency-based assessment to a one-year subspecialty training program. Methods A Critical Care Anesthesiology (CCA) working group was convened by the ACGME in 2021 to revise the content, enhance relevance to training, clarify goals for program leadership, and develop supplemental resources to aid implementation. The group consisted of a diverse group of experienced educators and clinicians from CCA fellowship programs nationwide. A modified Delphi process, stakeholder feedback, Milestones performance data, and public comment were used to iteratively revise Milestones. In addition, a supplemental guide was developed to provide examples and resources to aid the Milestones assessment. Conclusion The Milestones 2.0 simplify the use, implementation, and interpretation of this competency framework for program directors, trainees, faculty, and the American Board of Anesthesiology. The resulting CCA Milestones 2.0 provide updated specialty-specific, competency-based behavioral anchors to guide the developmental progression of competencies and outcomes for CCA fellows and facilitate the design of curricula and the advancement of CCA training programs. Lessons learned in the development of the CCA Milestones 2.0 include the importance of simplification, behavioral specificity, and supplemental.

Abstract Purpose Crisis periods—defined as sustained disruptions to the clinical environment resulting in increased workload, exposure to high-acuity patient care, or limited access to coping resources—can lead to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among residents and fellows (trainees). By examining self-reported pandemic-related PTSD symptoms, associated risk factors, and their consequences, this study aims to identify vulnerable groups and inform institutional strategies to support trainee well-being during and after crisis events. Method A multi-institutional cross-sectional survey was conducted at 3 U.S. academic medical centers between April and May 2022. Measures included the Primary Care PTSD Screen for DSM-5 (range 0 to 5, scores ≥4 indicate probable PTSD), 4-item PROMIS Social Isolation scale (normed T-score range 0 to 100 scale with higher scores indicating greater isolation), items exploring intent to stay at one’s institution, and demographics. Multivariable analysis adjusted for demographics, specialty, and postgraduate year. Results Of 6,057 eligible trainees, 3,185 (53%) participated in the survey, with 3,109 completing the PTSD screening. A total of 190 (6%) trainees screened positive for self-reported PTSD symptoms. Multivariable analysis revealed that female trainees had a higher odds of screening positive for self-reported PTSD symptoms compared to males (odds ratio [OR] 1.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-2.04; P = .03). Greater social isolation was independently associated with increased PTSD risk (OR 1.09; 95% CI, 1.07-1.11; P &lt; .001). Additionally, trainees who did not intend to remain at their institution after training were more likely to screen positive for PTSD (OR 1.74; 95% CI, 1.17-2.58; P = .01). Conclusions Female gender, greater social isolation, and reduced intention to remain at one’s institution are independently associated with self-reported PTSD symptoms in trainees. Recognizing these relationships may enable health care leaders to proactively identify trainees at higher risk during crisis periods and to implement targeted, evidence-based interventions that promote well-being and workforce retention.

Introduction: Adequate bladder distention is critical for safe and efficient transurethral morcellation during endoscopic prostate enucleation. Traditional assessment methods are subjective and may compromise safety and efficiency. We evaluated the feasibility and impact of continuous intravesical pressure (IVP) monitoring using a handheld pressure meter during morcellation compared with conventional manual bladder assessment. Material and Methods: In this prospective, randomized pilot study, 30 patients undergoing transurethral morcellation after bipolar prostate enucleation were randomized 1:1 to continuous IVP monitoring with a handheld pressure meter (Group A) or manual suprapubic bladder assessment by a urology fellow (Group B). In Group A, morcellation was performed while IVP remained within a predefined safe range (15–60 mmHg), with pauses for pressure correction as needed. The primary outcome was the number of morcellation pauses. Secondary outcomes included morcellation time, morcellation efficiency (g/min), total operative time, hemoglobin deficit, complications, and functional outcomes (International Prostate Symptom Score, maximum urinary flow rate, and post-void residual) at 3 and 6 months. Results: Baseline characteristics were comparable between groups. Morcellation time was significantly shorter in Group A (8.9 ± 3.7 vs 13.3 ± 2.1 minutes; p = 0.0008), with fewer morcellation pauses (3.3 ± 0.7 vs 5.7 ± 1.2; p < 0.0001) and higher morcellation efficiency (9.9 ± 2.0 vs 5.9 ± 0.6 g/min; p < 0.0001). Enucleation time, total operative time, tissue weight, and hemoglobin deficit were similar. No bladder injuries or postoperative fever occurred. Functional outcomes at 3 and 6 months were comparable. Conclusion: Continuous IVP monitoring using a handheld pressure meter during transurethral morcellation is feasible, reduces interruptions, and significantly improves morcellation efficiency without compromising safety or functional outcomes. This inexpensive technique may be a valuable safety adjunct, particularly for less experienced surgeons, and merits evaluation in larger randomized trials.