Citations

Plasma-based MDMs may offer a cost-effective alternative to imaging for melanoma detection. Early results show 80% sensitivity and 100% specificity against cancer-free controls. Further study needed. #MelanomaResearch #EarlyDetection

AbstractVulvar lichen planus (VLP) is a chronic inflammatory disease which adversely affects patients' quality of life. The pathogenesis of VLP is unknown although Th1 immune response has been implicated. We aimed to discover specific tissue‐based protein biomarkers in VLP compared to normal vulvar tissue (NVT), vulvar lichen sclerosus (VLS) and oral lichen planus (OLP). We used laser capture microdissection‐liquid chromatography‐ tandem mass spectrometry to assess protein expression in fixed lesional mucosal specimens from patients with VLP (n = 5). We then compared proteomic profiles against those of NVT (n = 4), VLS (n = 5), OLP (n = 6) and normal oral mucosa (n = 5), previously published by our group. IL16, PTPRC, PTPRCAP, TAP1 and ITGB2 and were significantly overexpressed in VLP compared to NVT. Ingenuity pathway analysis identified antigen presentation and integrin signalling pathways. Proteins overexpressed in both VLP versus NVT and OLP versus NOM included IL16, PTPRC, PTPRCAP, TAP1, HLA‐DPB1, HLA‐B and HLA‐DRA. This proteomic analysis revealed several overexpressed proteins in VLP that relate to Th1 autoimmunity, including IL16. Overlapping pathways, including those involving IFNγ and Th1 signalling, were observed between VLP, VLS, and OLP.

Abstract Acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), a serious complication of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), frequently involves the skin. Since clinicopathologic features of GVHD can mimic those of certain drug eruptions, accurate diagnosis can be challenging. We aimed to develop a tissue-based molecular assay to improve differentiation of GVHD from vacuolar interface drug eruption in the post-HCT period. After identifying 62 putative tissue-based biomarkers using unbiased molecular methods, we incorporated 26 into a quantitative RT-PCR assay. We tested skin biopsy specimens showing vacuolar interface changes attributable to either acute GVHD (n=67) or drug reaction (n=17), as classified by meticulous review of clinical features and course. Data were incorporated into clinical-molecular fusion diagnostic models. Significant differences in the expression of several genes, including MX1, MNDA, OAS, LIMA1, GSTM5, and SPP1, were detected between the two diagnostic groups (p<0.05). The optimal fusion model, which incorporated quantitative expression of MX1, MNDA, OAS, and GSTM5, as well as the clinical feature of diarrhea, imparted high diagnostic accuracy (receiver operating characteristic area-under-curve: 0.89). This novel tissue-based diagnostic molecular assay and fusion model demonstrates potential to improve distinction of GVHD from drug eruptions in the post-HCT setting. Multicenter validation studies are required.

AbstractOral lichen planus (OLP) confers an approximately 1% risk of transformation to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Early identification of high‐risk OLP would be very helpful for optimal patient management. We aimed to discover specific tissue‐based protein biomarkers in patients with OLP who developed OSCC compared to those who did not. We used laser capture microdissection– and nanoLC–tandem mass spectrometry to assess protein expression in fixed lesional mucosal specimens in patients with indolent OLP (no OSCC after at least 5‐year follow‐up, n = 6), transforming OLP (non‐dysplastic epithelium with lichenoid inflammation marginal to OSCC, n = 6) or normal oral mucosa (NOM, n = 5). Transforming OLP protein profile was enriched for actin cytoskeleton, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative phosphorylation pathways. CA1, TNNT3, SYNM and MB were overexpressed, and FBLN1 was underexpressed in transforming OLP compared with indolent OLP. Integrin signalling and antigen presentation pathways were enriched in both indolent and transforming OLP compared with NOM. This proteomic study provides potential biomarkers, such as CA1 overexpression, for higher‐risk OLP. While further validation studies are needed, we propose that epithelial–mesenchymal transition may be involved in OLP carcinogenesis.

AbstractBackgroundThe Merlin assay for melanoma‐risk assessment has become commercially available to reduce the rate of unnecessary sentinel lymph node biopsies (SLNB) in SLNB‐eligible patients with cutaneous melanoma. Merlin low‐risk patients are recommended to undergo wide local excision (WLE) of the primary tumor, whereas Merlin high‐risk patients are recommended to undergo both SLNB and WLE. Here, we compared the cost of a Merlin testing strategy to that of a no‐testing strategy (usual care) before prescribing SLNB.MethodsWe identified T1 and T2 patients who underwent WLE and SLNB but not completion lymph node dissection between 2007 and 2018. Controls were T1 patients who only underwent WLE. Costs for WLE and SLNB were calculated by converting institutional cost data to standardized Medicare reimbursement rates. We then developed a decision tree to compare the cost of Merlin testing to that of a no‐testing strategy (usual care).ResultsThe average standardized cost of WLE was $2066, whereas the cost of WLE and SLNB was $11,976 based on Medicare rates. At a cost below $7350 for T1b melanoma and $4600 for T1b to T2 melanoma, Merlin testing was cost‐saving compared to a no‐testing strategy (usual care), assuming Medicare reimbursement rates.ConclusionMerlin testing for T1b and T2 melanoma is potentially cost saving depending on the cost of the molecular assay and SLNB reimbursement rates. In addition to being cost saving, Merlin is expected to improve health‐related quality of life.

AbstractVulvar lichen sclerosus (VLS) confers approximately 3% risk of malignant transformation to vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (VSCC). We used unbiased proteomic methods to identify differentially expressed proteins in tissue of patients with VLS who developed VSCC compared to those who did not. We used laser capture microdissection‐ and nanoLC‐tandem mass spectrometry to assess protein expression in individuals in normal vulvar tissue (NVT, n = 4), indolent VLS (no VSCC after at least 5 years follow‐up, n = 5) or transforming VSCC (preceding VSCC, n = 5). Interferon‐γ and antigen‐presenting pathways are overexpressed in indolent and transforming VLS compared to NVT. There was differential expression of malignancy‐related proteins in transforming VLS compared to indolent VLS (CAV1 overexpression, AKAP12 underexpression), particularly in the EIF2 translation pathway, which has been previously implicated in carcinogenesis. Results of this study provide additional molecular evidence supporting the concept that VLS is a risk factor for VSCC and highlights possible future biomarkers and/or therapeutic targets.

9567 Background: Cutaneous melanoma surveillance is important to identify low-volume systemic disease, but imaging is costly and poorly accessible to patients; frequent skin checks lack sensitivity and specificity. We aimed to establish clinical feasibility of a liquid biopsy blood test, which quantifies validated, melanoma-specific, methylated DNA markers (MDMs), previously discovered, and reported by our team, using tissue extracted DNA. Methods: We prospectively collected blood from adult patients with histologically confirmed melanoma metastases and no other internal malignancies (within 5-years) who underwent surveillance by FDG-PET/CT (N = 88). Blood from age- and sex balanced cancer-free controls (N = 100) were compared. From PET/CT, we extracted the number of organs involved, SUV-max, and largest tumor diameter. Unequivocal metastasis was defined as SUV ≥ 4 and largest diameter > 5 mm. Because PET/CT is inadequate for the screening of brain metastases, we excluded the brain from the analysis. MDMs ( chr11.149, HOXA9, chr20.210, FLJ22536, CLIC5, SIX4, chr7.155, chr17.730, chr1.110) were assayed using target enrichment long-probe quantitative-amplified signal assays, normalized to B3GALT6, in blinded fashion. Using a logistic regression approach and nine candidate MDMs, we calculated the sensitivity for detecting patients with metastasis on PET/CT at 100% specificity. Results: 52/88 (59%) of melanoma patients showed evidence of metastasis on PET/CT at the time of blood draw. At 100% specificity, a panel of 4 MDMs ( HOXA9, chr20.210, chr17.730, chr1.110) yielded a sensitivity of 86.5% (45/52 cases) vs. 100 cancer-free controls. When applying this model to the 36 PET/CT-negative patients, specificity was as high as 97.2% (35/36 cases) while maintaining a sensitivity of 86.5% (one patient with a positive test result had a complete metabolic response to binimetinib / encorafenib prior to negative PET/CT). For patients with ≥ 2 organs involved by metastasis, sensitivity was 100% (29/29 cases). False-negative cases had metastasis in single organs and were characterized by minimal tumor burden and oral corticosteroid use. One false-negative patient had localized stage III disease without known primary melanoma. Conclusions: Plasma MDM levels appear highly concordant with FDG-PET/CT in patients with metastatic cutaneous melanoma. A liquid biopsy approach has potential to lower cost and improve patient access to surveillance. Additional prospective studies in larger intended use cohorts are needed to validate our results.

AbstractBackgroundOral lichen planus (OLP), a World Health Organization (WHO)‐classified oral potentially malignant condition, confers a 1% risk of transformation to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). There does not appear to be a consensus understanding of the underlying molecular events. This scoping review aimed to identify critical molecular pathways and highlight gaps in existing knowledge on malignant transformation in OLP.MethodsFollowing Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analysis Protocols (PRISMA‐P) guidelines, a comprehensive literature search and methodical screening identified 61 relevant studies detailing molecular differences between OLP and OSCC.ResultsMolecular changes shared between OLP and OSCC included those affecting cellular proliferation (altered p53 expression, hypermethylation of p16/CDKN2A, MYC gains, increased ki‐67), apoptosis (increased bcl‐2 and survivin expression), extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling (increased matrix metalloproteinase [MMP] expression), and transcriptional control (altered bmi1 and microRNA [miRNA] expression). In addition, some molecular alterations accumulated incrementally from control to OLP to OSCC or were present in higher‐risk erosive variants of OLP or transformed OLP. Few studies included rigorous diagnostic inclusion criteria or unbiased discovery methods.ConclusionsResults of this review support the potentially malignant nature of OLP and imply that molecular events associated with malignant transformation may be heterogeneous. In addition, findings in this review highlight the need for additional studies using rigorous diagnostic inclusion criteria and unbiased discovery methods to further understand this process.