Citations

The authors describe the case of a 36-year-old man with gynecomastia who was previously treated with liposuction of the breast for cosmetic purposes. Histologic examination of a subsequent excisional biopsy revealed nests of displaced epithelial cells in adipose tissue. Epithelial cell displacement is a well-known risk of core needle biopsies and fine-needle aspirations of breast lesions. However, to the authors’ knowledge, epithelial displacement in gynecomastia after liposuction, mimicking invasive ductal carcinoma, has not previously been reported.

Abstract The low efficiency of reprogramming and genomic integration of virus vectors obscure the potential application of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells; therefore, identification of chemicals and cooperative factors that may improve the generation of iPS cells will be of great value. Moreover, the cellular mechanisms that limit the reprogramming efficiency need to be investigated. Through screening a chemical library, we found that two chemicals reported to upregulate E-cadherin considerably increase the reprogramming efficiency. Further study of the process indicated that E-cadherin is upregulated during reprogramming and the established iPS cells possess E-cadherin-mediated cell–cell contact, morphologically indistinguishable from embryonic stem (ES) cells. Our experiments also demonstrate that overexpression of E-cadherin significantly enhances reprogramming efficiency, whereas knockdown of endogenous E-cadherin reduces the efficiency. Consistently, abrogation of cell–cell contact by the inhibitory peptide or the neutralizing antibody against the extracellular domain of E-cadherin compromises iPS cell generation. Further mechanistic study reveals that adhesive binding activity of E-cadherin is required. Our results highlight the critical role of E-cadherin-mediated cell–cell contact in reprogramming and suggest new routes for more efficient iPS cell generation.

AbstractPurpose: The purpose of this article is to present a brief description of the neuroanatomical correlates, pathophysiology, and clinical presentation of corticobasal ganglionic degeneration, (often referred to as corticobasal degeneration, or CBD) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP).Methods: Descriptions of the clinical characteristics of the two degenerative syndromes are presented, including a discussion of the similarities and differences. The speech and language disorders associated with each are described, including progressive aphasia, progressive non-fluent aphasia (PNFA), progressive apraxia of speech (AOS), and dysarthria.Results and Conclusions: CBD and PSP have a number of commonalities in clinical characteristics and in pathology. Both progressive aphasia and apraxia of speech have been associated with CBD and PSP. Clinicians who evaluate patients exhibiting a progressive neurologic disease and who identify either progressive aphasia, PNFA and/or progressive AOS should consider CBD or PSP as a possible medical diagnosis.

AbstractThe antithrombotic surface of endothelium is regulated in a coordinated manner. Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) localized at the endothelial cell surface regulates the production of FXa by inhibiting the TF/VIIa complex. Systemic homozygotic deletion of the first Kunitz (K1) domain of TFPI results in intrauterine lethality in mice. Here we define the cellular sources of TFPI and their role in development, hemostasis, and thrombosis using TFPI conditional knockout mice. We used a Cre-lox strategy and generated mice with a floxed exon 4 (TFPIFlox) which encodes for the TFPI-K1 domain. Mice bred into Tie2-Cre and LysM-Cre lines to delete TFPI-K1 in endothelial (TFPITie2) and myelomonocytic (TFPILysM) cells resulted in viable and fertile offspring. Plasma TFPI activity was reduced in the TFPITie2 (71% ± 0.9%, P < .001) and TFPILysM (19% ± 0.6%, P < .001) compared with TFPIFlox littermate controls. Tail and cuticle bleeding were unaffected. However, TFPITie2 mice but not TFPILysM mice had increased ferric chloride–induced arterial thrombosis. Taken together, the data reveal distinct roles for endothelial- and myelomonocytic-derived TFPI.

Abstract Purpose: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a surgical option which has been demonstrated to be effective for treatment of many symptoms in several movement disorders. The purpose of this paper is to describe this surgical option and to discuss its effects on motor speech. Method: The literature is reviewed to provide a summary of the information available to describe DBS surgery and its effects on motor speech in neurological disorders. Primary focus is placed on DBS as a treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD) and Essential Tremor (ET). Results and Conclusions: DBS surgery is a relatively low-risk, common, and reversible surgery used to treat the motor symptoms in many movement disorders, especially PD and ET. It is not currently used as a treatment for any motor speech disorder. Dysarthria is a commonly reported side-effect of bilateral more than unilateral DBS surgery. The reported frequency of motor speech difficulties varies, and few studies have specifically examined motor speech with reliable and objective measures. However, though frequently present, negative effects of DBS on motor speech appear to be mild in severity.

Abstract Purpose: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurologic disease that frequently affects speech and swallowing. The purpose of this article is to emphasize the role of the speech-language pathologist (SLP) in management of the progressive speech and swallowing symptoms. Methods: A review of the neurologic degeneration and resulting symptoms of ALS are presented, including the cognitive, sensory and speech-language changes that accompany the progressive motor impairment. The important role of the SLP on a multidisciplinary team is described. Approaches to management of both swallowing and speech are discussed. Results and Conclusions: ALS is a progressive, degenerative neurologic disease. SLPs play a vital role in helping patients maintain effective communication and manage dysphagia symptoms.

Background. There are a variety of techniques for targeting placement of an infraclavicular blockade; these include eliciting paresthesias, nerve stimulation, and 2-dimensional (2D) ultrasound (US) guidance. Current 2D US allows direct visualization of a “flat” image of the advancing needle and neurovascular structures but without the ability to extensively analyze multidimensional data and allow for real-time manipulation. Three-dimensional (3D) ultrasonography has gained popularity and usefulness in many clinical specialties such as obstetrics and cardiology. We describe some of the potential clinical applications of 3D US in regional anesthesia.Methods. This case represents an infraclavicular catheter placement facilitated by 3D US, which demonstrates 360-degree spatial relationships of the entire anatomic region.Results. The block needle, peripheral nerve catheter, and local anesthetic diffusion were observed in multiple planes of view without manipulation of the US probe.Conclusion. Advantages of 3D US may include the ability to confirm correct needle and catheter placement prior to the injection of local anesthetic. The spread of local anesthetic along the length of the nerve can be easily observed while manipulating the 3D images in real-time by simply rotating the trackball on the US machine to provide additional information that cannot be identified with 2D US alone.