Citations

Background Extended sedentary behavior is a risk factor for chronic disease and mortality, even among those who exercise regularly. Given the time constraints of incorporating physical activity into daily schedules, and the high likelihood of sitting during office work, this environment may serve as a potentially feasible setting for interventions to reduce sedentary behavior. Methods and Results A randomized cross‐over clinical trial was conducted at an employee wellness center. Four office settings were evaluated on 4 consecutive days: stationary or sitting station on day 1 (referent), and 3 subsequent active workstations (standing, walking, or stepper) in randomized order. Neurocognitive function (Selective Attention, Grammatical Reasoning, Odd One Out, Object Reasoning, Visuospatial Intelligence, Limited‐Hold Memory, Paired Associates Learning, and Digit Span) and fine motor skills (typing speed and accuracy) were tested using validated tools. Average scores were compared among stations using linear regression with generalized estimating equations to adjust standard errors. Bonferroni method adjusted for multiple comparisons. Healthy subjects were enrolled (n=44), 28 (64%) women, mean±SD age 35±11 years, weight 75.5±17.1 kg, height 168.5±10.0 cm, and body mass index 26.5±5.2 kg/m 2 . When comparing active stations to sitting, neurocognitive test either improved or remained unchanged, while typing speed decreased without affecting typing errors. Overall results improved after day 1, suggesting habituation. We observed no major differences across active stations, except decrease in average typing speed 42.5 versus 39.7 words per minute with standing versus stepping ( P =0.003). Conclusions Active workstations improved cognitive performance, suggesting that these workstations can help decrease sedentary time without work performance impairment. Registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov ; Unique identifier: NCT06240286.

Introduction: Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is recommended for secondary prevention following a coronary artery disease (CAD) event. The association between CR attendance and long-term major cardiovascular events (MACE)in the community has not been previously reported . Hypothesis: We tested the hypothesis that higher CR participation would be related to a lower risk of MACE,in residents of Olmsted county, Minnesota. Methods: We performed a community-based retrospective longitudinal study on patients referred to CR for CAD events or procedures between the years 2002 and 2012. Follow-up was performed using a record linkage system from the Rochester Epidemiology Project. CR participation was assessed as the number of CR sessions attended, and was analyzed as a continuous variable, as quintiles and also as a binomial variable using 12 sessions as the cutoff. The composite outcome MACE was defined as having an acute coronary syndrome (myocardial infarction (MI) or unstable angina), revascularization (CABG or PCI), ventricular arrhythmias requiring hospitalization, stroke or death from any cause. Multivariate models were adjusted for age and gender and also for factors associated with MACE in the univariate analysis. Results: Our cohort included 2273 patients, 69% males, mean age (SEM) 64 (0.26) years. After a mean follow-up of 6 (0.07) years, 827 patients had an event: MI (73), unstable angina (113), CABG(53), PCI (260), ventricular arrhythmia (13), stroke (72) and death (243). Participation in 12 or more sessions (vs <12 sessions) had a lower rate of MACE (HR 0.81, 95% CI 0.70-0.93, p=0.003, see Figure1 . After adjusting for smoking, hypertension, diabetes and history of MI the association remained significant HR 0.85, 95% CI 0.74-0.98, p=0.03. Conclusions: A higher participation in CR was associated with a lower risk of MACE. These results provide additional evidence of important CR health advantages and expand on previous evidence of a dose-response benefit of CR.

Background Prognosis based on body fat percentage ( BF %) in patients with coronary artery disease has not been extensively studied. We tested the hypothesis that patients with coronary artery disease and increased BF % have a higher risk for major adverse cardiovascular events ( MACEs ) and that fat‐free mass is associated with better prognosis. Methods and Results We included 717 patients referred to cardiac rehabilitation after coronary artery disease events or procedures who underwent air displacement plethysmography to assess BF %; 75% were men, with a mean age 61.4±11.4 years and a mean body mass index of 30±5.4 kg/m 2 . Follow‐up was performed using a record linkage system. Patients were classified in sex‐specific quartiles of BF % and fat‐free mass index. The composite outcome of MACEs included acute coronary syndromes, coronary revascularization, stroke, or death from any cause. After a median follow‐up of 3.9 years, 201 patients had a MACE . After adjusting for covariates, body mass index was not associated with MACEs ( P =0.12). However, the risk of MACEs for those in the highest BF % quartile was nearly double when compared with those in the lowest quartile (hazard ratio, 1.89; 95% confidence interval, 1.30–2.77; P =0.0008). In contrast, fat‐free mass was inversely associated with MACEs . The risk of MACEs for those in the fourth fat‐free mass quartile was lower (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.53; 95% confidence interval, 0.35–0.82; P =0.004), when compared with those in the first quartile. Conclusions In patients with coronary artery disease, there is no obesity paradox when measuring BF % instead of body mass index. BF % is associated with a higher risk of MACEs , whereas fat‐free mass is associated with a lower risk of MACEs . Body mass index was not associated with MACEs .