Citations

Abstract In this study, we tested a novel approach of “repurposing” a biomarker typically associated with breast cancer for use in melanoma. HER2/neu is a well characterized biomarker in breast cancer for which effective anti-HER2/neu therapies are readily available. We constructed a lentivirus encoding c-erb-B2 (the animal homolog to HER2/neu). This was used to transfect B16 melanoma in vitro for use in an orthotopic preclinical mouse model, which resulted in expression of c-erb-B2 as a neoantigen target for anti-c-erb-B2 monoclonal antibody (7.16.4). The c-erb-B2-expressing melanoma was designated B16/neu. 7.16.4 produced statistically significant in vivo anti-tumor responses against B16/neu. This effect was mediated by NK-cell antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. To further model human melanoma (which expresses <5% HER2/neu), our c-erb-B2 encoding lentivirus was used to inoculate naïve (wild-type) B16 tumors in vivo, resulting in successful c-erb-B2 expression. When combined with 7.16.4, anti-tumor responses were again demonstrated where approximately 40% of mice treated with c-erb-B2 lentivirus and 7.16.4 achieved complete clinical response and long-term survival. For the first time, we demonstrated a novel strategy to repurpose c-erb-B2 as a neoantigen target for melanoma. Our findings are particularly significant in the contemporary setting where newer anti-HER2/neu antibody-drug candidates have shown increased efficacy.

Background Ovarian cancer (OC), a highly lethal cancer in women, has a 48% 5-year overall survival rate. Prior studies link the presence of IL-17 and Th17 T cells in the tumor microenvironment to improved survival in OC patients. To determine if Th17-inducing vaccines are therapeutically effective in OC, we created a murine model of Th17-inducing dendritic cell (DC) (Th17-DC) vaccination generated by stimulating IL-15 while blocking p38 MAPK in bone marrow-derived DCs, followed by antigen pulsing. Methods ID8 tumor cells were injected intraperitoneally into mice. Mice were treated with Th17-DC or conventional DC (cDC) vaccine alone or with immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). Systemic immunity, tumor associated immunity, tumor size and survival were examined using a variety of experimental strategies. Results Th17-DC vaccines increased Th17 T cells in the tumor microenvironment, reshaped the myeloid microenvironment, and improved mouse survival compared with cDC vaccines. ICB had limited efficacy in OC, but Th17-inducing DC vaccination sensitized it to anti-PD-1 ICB, resulting in durable progression-free survival by overcoming IL-10-mediated resistance. Th17-DC vaccine efficacy, alone or with ICB, was mediated by CD4 T cells, but not CD8 T cells. Conclusions These findings emphasize using biologically relevant immune modifiers, like Th17-DC vaccines, in OC treatment to reshape the tumor microenvironment and enhance clinical responses to ICB therapy.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: HER2/neu is a potent biomarker for which anti-HER2/neu antibodies offer significant responses. However, many cancers, such as melanoma, have less than 5% expression of HER2/neu. The purpose of this study was to determine whether induced expression of erbb2 (mouse HER2/neu analogue) could function as a neoantigen target for anti-erbb2 antibody. METHODS: RT-PCR was used to construct a rat erbb2-encoding vector using the live, non-replicating lentivirus pLenti6.3. erbb2-encoding pLenti6.3 was transfected in vitro into the B16 mouse melanoma cell line, which has less than 5% endogenous expression of erbb2. The generated erbb2+ B16 cell line was designated B16/neu. Anti-erbb2 antibody (7.16.4) was used to treat C57Bl/6 male and female mice bearing B16/neu (200 ug intraperitoneally three times per week for 3 weeks). To confirm activity of 7.16.4, this antibody (100 ug per T75 flask) was co-cultured with B16/neu in vitro, and cell growth/confluence was measured. RESULTS: The novel B16/neu cell line expressed approximately 50% erbb2 in vitro on flow cytometry analysis, compared to 2% errb2 expression in naïve B16. Erbb2/neu expression was confirmed on fluorescent Western blot. Anti-erbb2 antibody (7.16.4) slowed the growth of B16/neu in vitro, confirming the suppressive effects of 7.16.4. In B16/neu-bearing mice, 7.16.4 resulted in effective control of tumor growth and a complete tumor response rate of 35.7%, (5/14 mice) compared to placebo controls (p &lt; 0.01). Interestingly, B16/neu tumors demonstrated slower growth kinetics compared to naïve B16 tumors (p = 0.013), suggesting immune recognition of erbb2 in naïve C57Bl/6 mice as a neoantigen target. No adverse reactions were observed with 7.16.4. In vivo inoculation of erbb2-encoding pLenti6.3 in naïve B16 tumors and treatment of in vivo transfected B16/neu tumors with 7.16.4 comprise ongoing experiments. CONCLUSIONS: erbb2 expression on B16 melanoma was successfully achieved using a novel erbb2-encoding lentivirus. Induced erbb2 served as a neoantigen target for anti-erbb2 antibody. This preclinical study provides translational evidence that induced HER2/neu expression may be utilized to repurpose anti-HER2 antibodies for human malignancies that do not normally express high levels of HER2/neu. Citation Format: Emmanuel M. Gabriel, Brian Necela, Deborah Bahr, Jamie Kaplan, Kristopher Attwood, Keith Knutson. Repurposing erbb2 (HER2/neu) as a neoantigen target for neu-negative tumors using a novel erbb2-encoding lentivirus [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 5371.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Intratumoral phenylephrine (α1 vasoconstrictor) combined with chemotherapy has been used for cutaneous malignancies with modest local response. The purpose of this study was to improve the efficacy of intratumoral melphalan using sustained-release, liposomal nanoparticles containing phenylephrine in a mouse model of melanoma. METHODS: A modified ethanol injection method was used to develop the liposomal phenylephrine nanoparticles. These were injected peri-tumorally to generate a local vasoconstrictive effect intended to “entrap” intratumorally injected melphalan. Drug exposure/dwell time was measured with fluorescent imaging. Mice bearing B16 (subclone F10) melanoma tumors were treated with intratumoral melphalan (20 ug/50 ul) with or without peri-tumoral liposomal phenylephrine (10 ug/50-100 ul x 4-5 injections around the tumor periphery) twice weekly x 3 weeks. RESULTS: UV-Absorbance spectroscopy confirmed encapsulation of phenylephrine within the liposomal nanoparticles with an expected absorbance of 275 nm. The modified ethanol injection method produced liposomal phenylephrine encapsulation of approximately 25%. Peri-tumoral, liposomal phenylephrine caused vasoconstriction of normal surrounding vessels with an approximate 10% decrease in vessel diameter. Our liposomal phenylephrine nanoparticles also led to increased retention of intratumorally injected fluorescently-labeled (FITC) liposomes 24-48 hours after inoculation, using both melanoma (B16) and breast (TUBO/4T1) cell lines orthotopically grown within mice (C57Bl/6 and BALB/c, respectively). The combination of intratumoral melphalan with peri-tumoral phenylephrine resulted in more effective control of tumor growth and a complete tumor response rate of 44.4%, compared to phenylephrine/melphalan only controls (p &lt; 0.01, n=18 per group). However, there was significant adverse reaction with the combination therapy, resulting in ulceration of the injection/tumor site. Ulcers healed about 14 days after completion of treatment. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated increased infiltration of CD11b+ cells into the tumors, suggesting an immune-mediated response in addition to direct chemotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS: Liposomal nanoparticles containing phenylephrine increased retention/dwell time of intratumorally administered melphalan and resulted in superior anti-tumor response. Our preclinical model holds innovative, translational promise for the clinical advancement of intralesional therapies in cutaneous/subcutaneous malignancies. Citation Format: Emmanuel M. Gabriel, Vijay Madamsetty, Deborah Bahr, Jamie Kaplan, Kristopher Attwood, Sanjay Bagaria, Keith Knutson, Debabrata Mukhopadhyay. Novel approach to intra- and peri-tumoral delivery of sustained-release chemotherapeutics [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 5071.

Abstract Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells which bridges innate and adaptive immunity, but how DC-derived signals regulate and induce T cell lineage choices remains unclear. The p38 MAPK pathway plays an essential role in regulating cellular processes such as cell differentiation, growth, and death. In this study, SB203580 was employed to selectively inhibit p38 pathway in bone marrow derived DCs (BMDCs) to investigate the effects of this pathway on the characteristic phenotype and function of DCs, especially the induction on T helper cell differentiation. We found that inhibition of p38 increased the proliferation of BMDCs, but did not alter their phagocytic ability. Also, inhibition of p38 enhanced the activation of BMDCs, as evidenced by the up-regulated expression of DCs-related surface markers including CD80, CD86 and MHCII. However, the secretion levels of IL-12 and IL-10 in BMDCs were reduced significantly, whereas the level of IL-6 was not influenced by the p38 inhibitor. In addition, we immunized the mice with BMDCs vaccines and studied the production of antigen-specific Th17 T cell in spleen. Our data demonstrated that p38-inhibited DCs vaccine could induce more antigen-specific Th17 T cells than regular DCs vaccine in vivo. Collectively, these results support the hypothesis that the p38 pathway plays a critical role in the immunologic activation of DCs. Our findings suggest that inhibition p38 pathway in DCs may be a new strategy for generating potent DC vaccines for cancer immunotherapy. Citation Format: Yan Luo, Shreeder Barath, Deborah A. Bahr, Navnita Dutta, Geraldine Raja, Martin J. Cannon, Keith L. Knutson. Inhibition of p38 MAPK in dendritic cells enhances their antigen presentation and induces Th17 T cell differentiation [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1464.

Abstract Ligation of programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) in the tumor microenvironment is known to inhibit effective adaptive antitumor immunity. Blockade of PD-1 in humans has resulted in impressive, durable regression responses in select tumor types. However, durable responses have been elusive in ovarian cancer patients. PD-1 was recently shown to be expressed on and thereby impair the functions of tumor-infiltrating murine and human myeloid dendritic cells (TIDC) in ovarian cancer. In the present work, we characterize the regulation of PD-1 expression and the effects of PD-1 blockade on TIDC. Treatment of TIDC and bone marrow–derived dendritic cells (DC) with IL10 led to increased PD-1 expression. Both groups of DCs also responded to PD-1 blockade by increasing production of IL10. Similarly, treatment of ovarian tumor–bearing mice with PD-1 blocking antibody resulted in an increase in IL10 levels in both serum and ascites. While PD-1 blockade or IL10 neutralization as monotherapies were inefficient, combination of these two led to improved survival and delayed tumor growth; this was accompanied by augmented antitumor T- and B-cell responses and decreased infiltration of immunosuppressive MDSC. Taken together, our findings implicate compensatory release of IL10 as one of the adaptive resistance mechanisms that undermine the efficacy of anti–PD-1 (or anti–PD-L1) monotherapies and prompt further studies aimed at identifying such resistance mechanisms. Cancer Res; 77(23); 6667–78. ©2017 AACR.

Abstract PD-1 and PD-L1 form a major inhibitory axis that acts to suppress tumor-rejecting effector responses. In addition to its expression and inhibitory functions in T and B cells, PD-1 has also been shown to be expressed on and hence impact the functions of cells of innate arm, such as dendritic cells (DCs), primarily at the tumor site but not in the periphery. Our aim in this study was to identify tumor-associated factor(s) responsible for PD-1 regulation on DCs and investigate how DCs in the tumor microenvironment respond to anti-PD-1-based immunotherapy. Both bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) as well as murine ovarian tumor ascites-derived DCs were used in the studies. Using in vitro cultures, we show that the cytokine IL-10; which is expressed in abundance in many malignancies including ovarian cancer, is potent regulator of PD-1 expression on DCs. Based on inhibition and siRNA knockdown studies; we show that IL-10 mediated PD-1 expression depends on STAT3 activation. Treatment of DCs with IL-10 also led to an increase in expression of PD-L1 on surface of DCs as well as an increase in release of soluble PD-L1. Antibody-mediated blockade of PD-1 on DCs led to greatly increased production of IL-10 (&gt; 4 fold) in cultures in vitro. Furthermore, treatment of tumor bearing mice with anti-PD-1 antibody led to a significant increase of IL-10 in ascites (&gt; 6 fold) and periphery (&gt; 4 fold). This compensatory release of IL-10 correlated with a further increase in PD-1 expression on DCs both in vitro and in vivo. In in vivo studies, while the blockade of PD-1 or IL-10 neutralization as monotherapy were ineffective, blockade of PD-1 and IL-10 neutralization as combination therapy augmented the anti-tumor response in ovarian tumor bearing mice; leading to a decrease in tumor growth and a significant increase in survival. These results show that the IL-10 and PD-1 pathways intersect with DCs in the tumor microenvironment. PD-1 blockade on DCs leads to compensatory release of IL-10 resulting in the maintenance of immunosuppression, and a combination regimen of PD-1 blockade and IL-10 neutralization has therapeutic benefit in ovarian tumors. These results serve as catalyst to explore the feasibility/efficacy of exploiting these targets in clinical settings for treatment of human ovarian cancer. Citation Format: Purushottam Lamichhane, Lavakumar Karyampudi, Barath Shreeder, James Krempski, Deborah Bahr, Matthew Block, Keith Knutson. Blockade of PD-1 signaling in tumor-associated dendritic cells results in compensatory IL-10 release maintaining immune suppression in ovarian cancer microenvironments. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Ovarian Cancer Research: Exploiting Vulnerabilities; Oct 17-20, 2015; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2016;22(2 Suppl):Abstract nr B66.