Citations

ABSTRACT Background Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC) is an autoimmune cholangiopathy with polygenic architecture and unknown aetiology. Evidence links Neanderthal‐derived genetic variants to autoimmune conditions; however, their contribution to PBC susceptibility remains unexplored. Objective We investigate whether archaic alleles influence PBC risk. Design Genotype data from four PBC cohorts were analysed: CANUK (4615 cases, 9233 controls), OLD IT (444 cases, 901 controls), NEW IT (255 cases, 579 controls) and MAYO (891 cases, 621 controls). Association testing with 235 592 Neanderthal Informative Markers (NIMs) was performed, adjusting for population stratification. Heritability was estimated using RHE‐mc and temporal haplotype dynamics were assessed using ancient DNA data from Europe and Asia. Results A Neanderthal‐derived variant in TNPO3 (rs12531711), previously reported by Cordell et al. showed strong association in CANUK ( p = 2.04 × 10 −26 ) and replicated across all validation cohorts. This variant functions as an eQTL, upregulating IRF5 and downregulating TNPO3 in blood. It is rare in African populations but common both in Europeans and Asians. Temporal analysis of the haplotype carrying rs12531711 revealed frequency increased substantially during the Bronze Age (5000–3000 BP), rising from 2.0% to 7.7% in Europe and 3.4% to 17.4% in Asia, before stabilizing. Despite this strong single‐variant association, the heritability explained by NIMs was not significantly different from that of non‐NIM variants. Conclusion A Neanderthal‐derived variant contributes to PBC risk and its frequency increased in the Bronze Age, possibly due to pathogen‐driven selection. Archaic introgression overall has limited influence on PBC heritability. Functional studies are needed to elucidate the role of rs12531711.

Abstract Context Limited data are available on quality of life (QoL) and adrenal crises in patients with immune checkpoint inhibitor–induced secondary adrenal insufficiency (ICI-SAI). Objective To (1) characterize the presentation, management, and outcomes of patients with ICI-SAI; (2) compare outcomes of ICI-SAI with other etiologies of secondary adrenal insufficiency (oSAI); and (3) identify variables associated with QoL and adrenal crisis. Methods In this single-center cross-sectional study, adults with ICI-SAI or oSAI (2018-2025) completed questionnaires assessing symptoms, management, adrenal crises, and the Addison’s Disease–Specific QoL survey (AddiQoL); outcomes included AddiQoL score and adrenal crisis events. Results Patients with ICI-SAI (n = 109) were older (median age 66 vs 60 years), more often women (59% vs 43%), and more frequently diagnosed within 1 year of symptom onset (88% vs 42%, P < .001), compared to patients with oSAI (n = 139). Patients with ICI-SAI had higher AddiQoL scores (median 87 vs 85, P = .020). In a multivariable analysis of age, sex, glucocorticoid dose and type, insurance support, and duration of SAI, ICI-SAI remained independently associated with higher AddiQoL (estimate 5.4, P = .010). The prevalence of reported adrenal crises within the prior year was similar between groups (15% vs 14%, P = .782). In a multivariable analysis, higher AddiQoL scores were independently associated with lower odds of adrenal crisis (OR 0.57; 95% CI 0.42-0.76). Conclusion Patients with ICI-SAI report better QoL compared with patients with other causes of SAI, despite similar adrenal crisis rates. These differences may be related to earlier diagnosis and differing clinical contexts, underscoring the importance of timeline recognition and patient-centered management.

Abstract Context The clinical relevance of etiologic concordance and temporal presentation in bilateral adrenal masses remains poorly defined, creating uncertainty in diagnostic evaluation and management. Objective To characterize the etiologic spectrum of bilateral adrenal masses, evaluate patterns by concordance and synchronicity, and identify predictors of discordance and malignant or pheochromocytoma contralateral lesions. Design Retrospective cohort study (2010-2025). Setting Tertiary referral center. Participants Adults with bilateral adrenal masses. Main Outcome Measures Etiology, concordance, synchronicity, interval to contralateral lesion, and factors associated with discordance and malignant or pheochromocytoma contralateral lesions. Results Among 1035 patients (median age 59.6 years; 51% women), 85% had concordant and 15% discordant etiologies. Concordant cases were predominantly bilateral benign cortical lesions (76%), whereas discordant cases were heterogeneous (benign 35%, malignant 31%, and indeterminate 34%). Presentation was synchronous in 84% and asynchronous in 16%, with a median interval of 45 months (interquartile range 15-87). Asynchronous disease was associated with higher discordance (23% vs 13%, P = .001) and greater prevalence of malignant lesions (bilateral malignant: 17% vs 7%; discordant malignant: 8% vs 4%; overall P < .001). Among asynchronous cases, shorter interval to contralateral lesion (<2 vs ≥5 years) was independently associated with malignant or pheochromocytoma etiology (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 2.63, 95% CI 1.01-6.85), as was larger tumor size (adjusted OR 1.06 per mm, 95% CI 1.02-1.09). Conclusion Most bilateral adrenal masses are benign and concordant; however, discordant or asynchronous disease identifies a higher-risk subgroup enriched for malignancy. Early contralateral lesion development and larger tumor size are key risk factors.

Abstract Context Bilateral adrenalectomy (BLA) and autoimmune adrenal insufficiency (AAI) are 2 major causes of primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI). Comparative data between etiologies are limited. Objective To compare management, quality of life (QoL), and frequency of adrenal crises between participants post-BLA vs AAI. Methods We conducted a dual-center, cross-sectional study of adults with AAI or BLA between 2018 and 2025. All participants completed questionnaires on management, adrenal crises, and the Addison Disease-specific QoL Questionnaire (AddiQoL). Results Of 343 participants, 203 had AAI (median age 54 years, 72% women) and 139 had BLA (median age 57 years, 76% women). AddiQoL scores were similar between participants with AAI and BLA (median 84 vs 83, P = .947), but better in participants post-BLA for pheochromocytoma versus hypercortisolism (median 88 vs 81, P = .031). Participants with AAI reported a higher number of adrenal crises within the past year than those post-BLA (25% vs 13%, P = .022). In multivariable analyses of age, sex, glucocorticoid dose and type, PAI type, AddiQoL score, and autoimmune comorbidities, only PAI type was associated with higher number of reported adrenal crisis within the last year (AAI vs BLA: odds ratios of 2.1-2.2, P < .05 for all models). Conclusion QoL was comparable between participants with AAI and BLA, though patients post-BLA for pheochromocytoma reported better QoL than patients post-BLA for hypercortisolism. Adrenal crises were more common in participants with AAI than those post-BLA, a finding that was not explained by patients’ glucocorticoid management, underscoring the need for tailored crisis prevention strategies.

Abstract Context Patients with mild autonomous cortisol secretion (MACS) have higher rates of vertebral fractures compared to patients with non-functioning adrenal nodules, yet bone density is not always reduced. Objective To characterize the effect of MACS on bone density, metabolism, and microstructure as measured by high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT). Design Cross-sectional study, 2019-2022 Setting Tertiary referral center Participants Seventy-five patients with MACS and 75 age-, sex-, and gonadal status–matched referent subjects. Measurements Bone turnover markers, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan, and HR-pQCT. Outcomes Areal and volumetric bone mineral density (aBMD, vBMD), trabecular bone score (TBS), microstructural parameters including trabecular bone volume to total volume (BV/TV) ratio. Results While no differences in aBMD were observed at any skeletal site, patients with MACS had decreased TBS (1.389 vs 1.475, P < .001) and lower osteocalcin concentration (17.1 vs 19.5 ng/mL, P = .030) than referent subjects. On HR-pQCT at the tibia, patients with MACS had reduced trabecular BV/TV (0.220 vs 0.233, P = .015) compared to referent subjects. On multivariable analysis, MACS was associated with lower TBS (odds ratio [OR] per SD decrease 2.87 [1.65-5.00]), lower trabecular BV/TV at the radius (OR per SD decrease 2.58 [1.33-5.00]), and lower trabecular BV/TV at the tibia (OR per SD decrease 4.06 [2.10-7.86]). Conclusion Patients with MACS have microstructural deterioration that may not be evident on routine DXA aBMD testing.

Abstract Context Data on cognition in patients with primary aldosteronism (PA) are scarce. Mild autonomous cortisol secretion (MACS), defined based on post-dexamethasone cortisol >1.8 mcg/dL, is diagnosed in up to 30% of patients with PA. Objectives (1) Assess cognition in patients with PA vs referent subjects with hypertension and (2) determine differences in cognition between patients with PA and those with MACS. Methods A prospective, cross-sectional study, 2019-2023. Cognition was assessed by National Institute of Health Toolbox Cognition Battery and reported as T-scores corrected for age, sex, race, and education. Only subjects with hypertension were included. Results Cognitive assessment was performed in 52 patients with PA (including 11 patients with both PA and MACS, median age of 51.0 years, 30 (57.7%) women), 47 patients with MACS (median age of 57.0 years, 31 (66.0%) women), and 52 referent subjects (median age of 66.1 years, 30 (57.7%) women). When compared to referents, and after adjusting for age, smoking, systolic blood pressure, and alcohol use, patients with PA had lower total cognition (β = −5.7, P = .023), notably fluid cognition (β = −6.8, P = .017), including attention and executive function (β = −5.6, P = .012) and cognitive flexibility and executive function (β = −8.2, P = .006). When compared to patients with MACS, patients with PA had a higher processing speed (β = 9.0, P = .003). No differences in cognition were found between patients with PA with and without MACS. Conclusion Patients with PA demonstrated lower cognition compared with referents and processing speed compared with MACS. Future studies should characterize the impact of MACS on the cognition of patients with PA.

Abstract Context Evidence on the evolution of cardiometabolic comorbidities following surgical remission of hypercortisolism is scarce. Objective To determine the impact of surgical remission on cardiometabolic comorbidities in patients with endogenous hypercortisolism and to identify factors associated with cardiometabolic improvement. Methods Prospective single-center cohort study (2019-2025) of adults with Cushing syndrome (CS) or mild autonomous cortisol secretion (MACS) with surgical remission of hypercortisolism. Outcomes included (1) changes in severity of hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), hyperlipidemia, and obesity between baseline, 3, and 12 months postremission and (2) factors associated with improvement in comorbidities. Results Among 357 patients (49% MACS, 36% pituitary CS, 10% adrenal CS, 5% ectopic CS; median age 53 years [interquartile range 42-62]; 81% women), 336 (94%) had hypertension, 241 (68%) had obesity, and 122 (35%) had DM. At a median of 12 months postsurgery, improvement in hypertension occurred in 70% (90/128) of patients with CS and 51% (60/117) of patients with MACS, DM in 90% (46/51) patients with CS and 37% (13/35) patients with MACS, and obesity in 79% (77/97) patients with CS and 20% (14/71) patients with MACS. In a multivariable analysis, higher baseline biochemical severity scores were associated with improvement in hypertension [odds ratio (OR) 1.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1-1.5), DM (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.7-4.1), and obesity (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.2-1.8) at a median of 12 months postremission of hypercortisolism. Conclusion Postsurgical improvement of cardiometabolic comorbidities was observed in both patients with CS and MACS. Higher baseline biochemical severity scores were associated with higher postremission improvement in comorbidities.