Citations

ABSTRACT Interactions between clinical pharmacists and industry partners continue to evolve as health care increases in complexity and technology assumes a more dominant role. To address the corresponding ethical challenges, the 2025 Industry Relations Committee of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP) was charged with updating the 2008 ACCP position statement, Pharmacists and Industry: Guidelines for Ethical Interactions . This update expands its perspective, reflecting the broader and more influential roles pharmacists play across the health care ecosystem. All clinical pharmacist–industry interactions should be grounded in improving patient care. Through this lens, six recommendations are provided: (1) Pharmacists should not engage in industry partnerships or collaborations that might unduly influence objectivity, independence, or fairness in clinical and professional judgments; (2) Pharmacists should disclose and mitigate financial, consulting, or other relationships that constitute potential conflicts of interest and should not participate in activities where an existing conflict cannot be resolved; (3) Pharmacists who participate in industry‐sponsored research should follow accepted ethical, regulatory, and scientific standards; (4) Pharmacists providing continuing education programs or developing drug information materials should maintain control of content; ensure their content is fair, balanced, and free from bias; and disclose and mitigate any conflicts; (5) Formal instruction on ethical interactions with industry professionals should begin early and continue through all stages of pharmacist education, training, and professional development; (6) Pharmacists should maintain the confidentiality and privacy of patients and other health care professionals when working with industry partners. Questions to guide personal industry interactions are provided. This paper does not detail every emerging area (e.g., artificial intelligence, social media), but recommendations are applicable wherever clinical pharmacists leverage their professional expertise. By maintaining a critical, discerning, and ethical approach to industry collaborations, clinical pharmacists can uphold professional obligations while contributing to the advancement of evidence‐based practice, ultimately prioritizing patient welfare.

Abstract Metabolic disorders such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and dyslipidaemia are major drivers of cardiovascular risk and have reached epidemic levels in Western populations. Recent advances in clinical research have uncovered unexpected and often beneficial effects of pharmacological classes of metabolic drugs on cardiovascular outcomes, revealing complex interactions between metabolism and cardiac pathology. Despite their clinical efficacy, the molecular and cellular mechanisms through which many of these agents act remain only partially understood. This gap in knowledge underscores the urgent need for fundamental research that not only dissects the biology of metabolic disorders and cardiovascular disease but also reveals the mechanistic basis of existing and emerging therapies, thereby enabling rational therapeutic development. This scientific statement, developed by researchers from the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Council on Basic Cardiovascular Science and several ESC Working Groups, provides a state-of-the-art overview of the emerging molecular and cellular pathways linking metabolic abnormalities with vascular and cardiac disease. By illuminating these critical connections and unresolved questions, this article aims to catalyse innovation in the prevention and management of cardiovascular disease in the context of metabolic dysfunction and to suggest new directions for future research.

ABSTRACT This manuscript summarizes over 30 years of research that began with the novel concept of using intra‐articular gene transfer to treat joint diseases. A notable milestone in this journey was the first‐in‐human transfer of an exogenous gene to a joint, accomplished by the ex vivo delivery of cDNA encoding the interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist (IL‐1Ra) to joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Responding to lessons learned from this study and the prevailing clinical landscape we next developed an in vivo gene delivery system based on adeno‐associated virus (AAV) with osteoarthritis (OA) as the target disease. The safety and efficacy of this vector, sc‐rAAV2.5IL‐1Ra, was demonstrated in the joints of rats and horses leading to a successful IND application to the FDA. In this clinical trial (ClinicalTrials. gov Identifier: NCT02790723) sc‐rAAV2.5IL‐1Ra was injected at escalating doses into the knee joints of nine patients with OA who were followed for 1 year. This trial met its primary outcome measure, safety, and demonstrated that sustained expression of transgenic IL‐1Ra was possible after a single injection of the vector. Patient‐reported outcomes improved, but without a control group it is not possible to determine the influence of a placebo effect. This and other unresolved matters are addressed in a recently‐completed Phase Ib trial (ClinicalTrials. gov Identifier: NCT05835895). Beyond OA, sc‐rAAV2.5IL‐1Ra has potential therapeutic value in a variety of degenerative, inflammatory, fibrotic and autoimmune conditions. More generally, gene therapy holds much promise in the field of regenerative medicine, including regenerative orthopaedics. Trial Registration: (ClinicalTrials. gov Identifier: NCT02790723, NCT05835895).