Citations

Abstract Background Chronic inflammation has been linked with geriatric-related conditions, including dementia. Inflammatory cytokine levels, including interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α, in the blood have been associated with cognitive impairment and decline. However, evidence has been mixed. Methods We examined the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between baseline-measured IL-6, IL-10, and TNFα levels and the ratio of IL-6/IL-10 with cognitive test performance and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) among 1,602 community-dwelling older adults (median age = 72.8) enrolled in the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging. Approximately half (46.5%) of participants were female and 98.6% were white. At baseline and follow-up visits (occurring at 15-month intervals), participants completed neuropsychological testing, blood draws, and had a clinical consensus diagnosis. Results In multivariable cross-sectional analyses, we did not observe an association between inflammatory cytokine levels and global or domain-specific cognitive z scores; however, higher IL-6 and IL-10 levels were associated with greater odds of a MCI diagnosis. Longitudinally, we did not observe any association between inflammatory cytokine levels and cognitive test performance or risk of MCI. Sex, age, cognitive status, APOE ε4 genotype, diabetes, depression, and cerebral amyloid-beta deposition were not effect modifiers. Conclusions These results suggest that plasma inflammatory markers may not be useful to ascertain risk for cognitive decline and MCI in the general population.

Background: TDP-43 has been shown to be strongly associated with memory loss, smaller hippocampal volumes, and faster rates of hippocampal atrophy in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients with an amnestic presentation. Whether TDP-43 has any clinical or anatomical associations in AD patients with non-amnestic phenotype is unknown. Objective: To determine whether TDP-43 plays a significant role in the clinic-anatomic features of non-amnestic AD. Methods: All cases with pathologically confirmed intermediate-high probability AD from 1996–2012 were identified and retrospectively sub-classified into amnestic versus non-amnestic dementia at the time of presentation. Neurofibrillary tangle counts were performed in those with a non-amnestic presentation using thioflavin-S microscopy in the hippocampus and three neocortical regions, and all cases were subtyped into hippocampal-sparing, limbic-predominant, and typical AD pathology. TDP-43 immunoreactivity was used to assess for the presence of TDP-43. Statistical analyses helped determine whether pathologic subtype or TDP-43 was more strongly associated with clinico-imaging features. Results: Out of 172 pathologically confirmed AD cases, 36 (19%) were classified as non-amnestic. Twenty-five of these 36 (69%) had typical pathology, 0 limbic-predominant pathology, and 11 (31%) hippocampal-sparing pathology. Eleven (44%) of the 25 cases with typical pathology were TDP-43+. Of the 11 cases with hippocampal-sparing pathology, 4 (36%) were TDP-43+. There were no differences in demographic, clinical, or neuroimaging features in those with TDP-43 versus those without except for older age at onset ( p = 0.02) and age at death ( p = 0.02) in those with TDP-43. AD pathological subtype accounted for slightly more of the variances in the neocortex than TDP-43. Conclusion: In non-amnestic AD, we find little evidence that clinical or anatomical features of the disease are related to TDP-43.

Background and purposeThe non‐fluent/agrammatic variant of primary progressive aphasia (agPPA) is a heterogeneous diagnosis wherein some individuals have apraxia of speech (AOS). When agPPA includes AOS, a tauopathy is the likely underlying pathology. Recently, [18F]AV‐1451 was developed for the in‐vivo assessment of tau. In this study, we compared patterns of tau tracer uptake in patients with agPPA with and without AOS.MethodsNine patients with agPPA (four without AOS) underwent tau positron emission tomography imaging with [18F]AV‐1451. Uptake of [18F]AV‐1451 was assessed as cortical to cerebellar crus ratio (standard uptake value ratio) in cortical regions of interest measured using the MCALT atlas and compared voxel‐wise in SPM12. Each patient was age‐ and sex‐matched to three controls.ResultsThe agPPA without AOS showed uptake in the left frontal and temporal lobes, whereas agPPA with AOS showed uptake in the bilateral supplementary motor areas, frontal lobes, precuneus and precentral gyrus relative to controls. The left precentral gyrus had uptake in agPPA with AOS relative to those without AOS.ConclusionsThis cross‐sectional study suggests that [18F]AV‐1451 uptake in the precentral gyrus is implicated in AOS in agPPA.

Background: There is accumulating evidence suggesting that diet may play a role in preventing or delaying cognitive decline and dementia, but the underlying biological mechanisms are not well understood. Objectives: To examine the cross-sectional associations of the Mediterranean diet (MeDi) and its components with 11 C-PiB-PET scan measures of amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition. Methods: The study consisted of 278 Mayo Clinic Study of Aging participants 70+ years old, who were cognitively unimpaired (CU) at the time of completion of the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and when they underwent PET imaging. Adherence to the MeDi was assessed by computing the MeDi score for each participant. All scans were performed after the FFQ completion; median [IQR] time between FFQ and Aβ PET was 3.5 (1.4) years. Z-scores were created for component, macro- and micronutrients measured. Linear and logistic regression models were adjusted for age, sex, education, apolipoprotein E (APOE) ɛ4 allele carrier status, time interval between the FFQ completion and PET scan, and total energy intake. Results: Participants’ median age at FFQ was 77.7 years (55.8% men; 26.6% with an APOE ɛ4 allele). Higher MeDi score (linear regression slope (beta):–0.035, p = 0.012; per standard deviation increase), vegetable intake (beta:–0.043, p = 0.002), intake of vitamin A (beta:–0.041, p = 0.003) or β-carotene (beta: –0.039, p = 0.005) from food sources and moderate alcohol consumption (beta: –0.074, p = 0.03) were associated with lower 11 C-PiB standardized uptake value ratio. Conclusion: Findings are consistent with previous studies suggesting that higher adherence to a MeDi pattern and higher vegetable consumption are associated with better neuroimaging biomarker profile. Prospective studies are needed to validate current findings.

ObjectiveTo determine the cross‐sectional and longitudinal associations between diabetes treatment type and cognitive outcomes among type II diabetics.MethodsWe examined the association between metformin use, as compared to other diabetic treatment (ie, insulin, other oral medications, and diet/exercise) and cognitive test performance and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) diagnosis among 508 cognitively unimpaired at baseline type II diabetics enrolled in the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging. We created propensity scores to adjust for treatment effects. We used multivariate linear and logistic regression models to investigate the cross‐sectional association between treatment type and cognitive test z scores, respectively. Mixed effects models and competing risk regression models were used to determine the longitudinal association between treatment type and change in cognitive test z scores and risk of developing incident MCI.ResultsIn linear regression analyses adjusted for age, sex, education, body mass index, APOE ε4, insulin treatment, medical comorbidities, number of medications, duration of diabetes, and propensity score, we did not observe an association between metformin use and cognitive test performance. Additionally, we did not observe an association between metformin use and cognitive test performance over time (median = 3.7‐year follow‐up). Metformin was associated with an increased risk of MCI (subhazard ratio (SHR) = 2.75; 95% CI = 1.64, 4.63, P < .001). Similarly, other oral medications (SHR = 1.96; 95% CI = 1.19, 3.25; P = .009) and insulin (SHR = 3.17; 95% CI = 1.27, 7.92; P = .014) use were also associated with risk of MCI diagnosis.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that metformin use, as compared to management of diabetes with other treatments, is not associated with cognitive test performance. However, metformin was associated with incident MCI diagnosis.

Background: Microbleeds in the brain have been shown to occur in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), affecting approximately a third of subjects that present with typical dementia of the Alzheimer’s type (DAT). However, little is known about the frequency or distribution of microbleeds in subjects with AD that present with atypical clinical presentations. Objective: To determine whether the frequency and regional distribution of microbleeds in atypical AD differs from that observed in subjects with DAT, and to determine whether microbleeds in atypical AD are associated with age, demographics, or cognitive impairment. Methods: Fifty-five subjects with amyloid-β deposition on Pittsburgh compound B (PiB) PET who presented with predominant language (n = 37) or visuospatial/perceptual (n = 18) deficits underwent T2*weighted MRI. These subjects were compared to 41 PiB-positive subjects with DAT. Microbleeds were identified and assigned a lobar location. Results: The proportion of subjects with microbleeds did not differ between atypical AD (42%) and DAT (32%). However, atypical AD had larger numbers of microbleeds than DAT. In addition, the topographic distribution of microbleeds differed between atypical AD and DAT, with atypical AD showing the highest density of microbleeds in the frontal lobes. Among atypical AD, number of microbleeds was associated with age, but not gender or cognition. Microbleeds were more common in subjects with language (51%) versus visuospatial/perceptual deficits (22%). Conclusions: Microbleeds are relatively common in both DAT and atypical AD, although atypical AD subjects appear to be at particular risk for developing large numbers of microbleeds and for developing microbleeds in the frontal lobe.