Citations

Abstract The role of measurable residual disease (MRD) in multiple myeloma patients treated with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells is uncertain. We analyzed MRD kinetics during the first year after idecabtagene vicleucel (ide-cel) infusion in 125 relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma patients enrolled in KarMMa. At month 1 after ide-cel, there were no differences in progression-free survival (PFS) between patients in less than complete response (CR) versus those in CR; only MRD status was predictive of significantly different PFS at this landmark. In patients with undetectable MRD at 3 months and beyond, PFS was longer in those achieving CR versus <CR. Persistent MRD in the 10−6 logarithmic range and reappearance of normal plasma cells in MRD-negative patients were associated with inferior PFS. This study unveils different prognostic implications of serological and MRD response dynamics after ide-cel and suggests the potential value of studying the reappearance of normal plasma cells as a surrogate of loss of CAR T-cell functionality. Significance: This is one of the first studies evaluating the impact of CR and MRD dynamics after CAR T therapy in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. These data help interpret the prognostic significance of serological and MRD responses at early and late time points after CAR T-cell infusion. See related commentary by Landgren and Kazandjian, p. 346 . This article is featured in Selected Articles from This Issue, p. 337

8009 Background: Heavily pretreated patients (pts) with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) treated with standard of care therapy have median overall survival (OS) of ~12 months (mo). In the single-arm, phase 1b/2 CARTITUDE-1 study (NCT03548207), pts received a single infusion of ciltacabtagene autoleucel (cilta-cel), a CAR-T cell therapy targeting BCMA. At the final protocol-specified analysis (27.7-mo median follow-up [MFU]), overall response rate (ORR) was 98%, with 83% stringent complete response (CR); 27-mo rates of progression-free survival (PFS) and OS were 55% and 70%, respectively. Here, we report study closeout results. Methods: Eligible pts received ≥3 prior lines of therapy (LOT) or were double refractory to a proteasome inhibitor (PI) and immunomodulatory drug (IMiD); and had received prior PI, IMiD, and anti-CD38 antibody therapy. Primary endpoint was ORR and safety; secondary endpoints included PFS, OS, and minimal residual disease (MRD) negativity at 10-5. Results: 97 pts received cilta-cel (median age 61 years [y]; median 6 prior LOT; 42% penta-drug refractory; 88% triple-class refractory; 99% refractory to last LOT). As of October 14, 2022, MFU was 33.4 mo (range, 1.5-45.2). Median (m) duration of response was 33.9 mo (95% CI, 25.5–not estimable [NE]). mPFS was 34.9 mo (95% CI, 25.2–NE), with an estimated 47.5% progression free and alive at 36 mo. mOS was not reached (NR), with an estimated 62.9% survival at 36 mo. Of 49 MRD-evaluable pts, 26 had MRD negativity sustained for ≥12 mo, of which 20 had sustained MRD-negative ≥CR. mPFS was NR in these subgroups (Table). 18 pts were MRD negative with ≥CR at 24 mo post infusion. No new safety signals and no new neurotoxicity events were reported since the 27.7-mo MFU. 6 new cases of second primary malignancy were reported, including 2 cases of basal cell carcinoma and 1 case each of myelodysplastic syndrome, B-cell lymphoma, melanoma, and prostate cancer. 5 additional deaths occurred (progressive disease [PD], n=3; pneumonia and sepsis, n=1 each [both unrelated to cilta-cel]), for a total of 35 (PD, n=17; unrelated to cilta-cel, n=12; related, n=6). Conclusions: Longer mPFS was observed after a single infusion of cilta-cel than any previously reported therapy in heavily pretreated pts with RRMM. Achieving CR and/or sustained MRD negativity was associated with prolonged PFS. Pts continue to be followed for safety and survival in the 15-y CARTINUE long-term study (NCT05201781; MMY4002). Clinical trial information: NCT03548207 . [Table: see text]

Therapeutic targeting of CDK7 has proven beneficial in pre-clinical studies, yet the off-target effects of currently available CDK7 inhibitors make it difficult to pinpoint the exact mechanisms behind MM cell death mediated by CDK7 inhibition. Here, we show that CDK7 expression positively correlates with E2F and MYC transcriptional programs in multiple myeloma (MM) patient cells; and its selective targeting counteracts E2F activity via perturbation of the CDKs/Rb axis and impairs MYC-regulated metabolic gene signatures translating into defects in glycolysis and reduced levels of lactate production in MM cells. CDK7 inhibition using the covalent small molecule inhibitor YKL-5-124 elicits a strong therapeutic response with minimal effects on normal cells, and causes in vivo tumor regression increasing survival in several MM mouse models including a genetically engineered mouse model of MYC-dependent MM. Through its role as a critical cofactor and regulator of MYC and E2F activity, CDK7 is therefore a master regulator of oncogenic cellular programs supporting MM growth and survival, and a valuable therapeutic target providing rationale for development of YKL-5-124 for clinical use.

Abstract The overall survival (OS) has improved significantly in multiple myeloma (MM) over the last decade with the use of proteasome inhibitor and immunomodulatory drug-based combinations, followed by high-dose melphalan and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (auto-HSCT) and subsequent maintenance therapies in eligible newly diagnosed patients. However, clinical trials using auto-HSCT followed by lenalidomide maintenance have shown an increased risk of second primary malignancies (SPM), including second hematological malignancies (SHM). We evaluated the impact of SPM and SHM on progression-free survival (PFS) and OS in patients with MM after auto-HSCT using CIBMTR registry data. Adult patients with MM who underwent first auto-HSCT in the United States with melphalan conditioning regimen from 2011 to 2018 and received maintenance therapy were included (n = 3948). At a median follow-up of 37 months, 175 (4%) patients developed SPM, including 112 (64%) solid, 36 (20%) myeloid, 24 (14%) SHM, not otherwise specified, and 3 (2%) lymphoid malignancies. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that SPM and SHM were associated with an inferior PFS (hazard ratio [HR] 2.62, P < .001 and HR 5.01, P < .001, respectively) and OS (HR 3.85, P < .001 and HR 8.13, P < .001, respectively). In patients who developed SPM and SHM, MM remained the most frequent primary cause of death (42% vs 30% and 53% vs 18%, respectively). We conclude the development of SPM and SHM leads to a poor survival in patients with MM and is an important survivorship challenge. Given the median survival for MM continues to improve, continued vigilance is needed to assess the risks of SPM and SHM with maintenance therapy post–auto-HSCT.