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OBJECTIVE Degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis is a common cause of back and leg pain influenced by factors like instability, disc degeneration, facet arthropathy, and psychosocial phenotype. Patients’ experience of high-severity pain is complex, with significant implications for surgical planning. The goal of this study was to assess the impact of back pain catastrophizing on long-term outcomes following lumbar spondylolisthesis surgery. METHODS This study uses the Quality Outcomes Database (QOD) lumbar spondylolisthesis dataset and includes prospectively collected data from the 12 highest-enrolling clinical sites participating in the QOD lumbar module. The authors reviewed patients undergoing single-segment surgery for grade 1 degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis. Severe baseline numeric rating scale for back pain (NRS-BP) scores (≥ 8) were classified as "catastrophizing," and mild to moderate pain scores (< 8) were classified as "non-catastrophizing." Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) were compared for catastrophizing versus non-catastrophizing patients at 60 months. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to assess the impact of catastrophizing on PROs, with multivariate analysis controlling for variables initially reaching a p value < 0.10. RESULTS Of the 608 patients in this analysis, 260 (42.8%) experienced catastrophizing while 348 (57.2%) did not. Catastrophizing patients were significantly younger (59.9 ± 12.2 years vs 63.9 ± 11.7 years, p < 0.001), less often had ≥ 4 years of college education (31.2% vs 42.5%, p = 0.004), and more often used private insurance (58.8% vs 47.7%, p = 0.01). The catastrophizing cohort also had higher rates of depression (24.6% vs 17.0%, p = 0.02) and back pain predominance (45.4% vs 32.2%, p < 0.001). Surgical and perioperative characteristics did not significantly differ between cohorts. Although catastrophizing patients typically reported worse PRO scores at both baseline and 60 months, they demonstrated significantly greater improvement and minimal clinically important difference (MCID) achievement across almost all PROs at 60 months (p < 0.05). However, North American Spine Society (NASS) satisfaction scores at 60 months did not differ significantly between cohorts. Multivariate analysis found that catastrophizing significantly predicted 60-month NRS-BP change (β −1.45, 95% CI −1.81 to −1.09; p < 0.001) and MCID achievement (OR 1.98, 95% CI 1.52–2.58; p < 0.001) but not mean NRS-BP score or other metrics, including NASS satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS Despite presenting with worse baseline symptoms, patients with pain catastrophizing experienced substantial and clinically meaningful improvement following surgery for degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis. Patient satisfaction was comparable between cohorts, reflecting a nuanced balance between greater absolute improvement and persistence of residual symptoms. These findings underscore that catastrophizing should not be viewed as a barrier to surgical success, while pointing to the need for proactive expectation setting and shared decision-making.

OBJECTIVE Coexisting medical conditions are increasingly prevalent in surgical populations. The impact of multiple comorbidities on patient-reported outcomes (PROs) and endotypes of frequently co-occurring conditions for cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) remain unclear. This study explores whether CSM patients with multimorbidity have worse baseline and postoperative PROs and less functional improvement after surgery compared to those with few or no comorbidities. The authors also investigated whether distinct comorbidity endotypes exist among CSM surgical patients and whether they influence postoperative outcomes. METHODS The prospective Quality Outcomes Database (QOD) was used to assess patients undergoing surgery for CSM. Multimorbidity was defined as ≥ 2 chronic conditions, including diabetes, coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, arthritis, chronic renal disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, depression, and anxiety. Baseline characteristics and 24-month PROs were assessed across multiple-comorbidity status, including modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association (mJOA), Neck Disability Index (NDI), visual analog scale for neck and arm pain, EQ-5D, and patient satisfaction scores. Clusters were identified from the full cohort using k-medoids, revealing subgroups with similar comorbidity endotypes. RESULTS The final cohort included 1141 CSM patients (83.1% reaching 24-month follow-up), with 761 (66.7%) having 0 or 1 comorbidity and 380 (33.3%) ≥ 2 comorbidities. The multimorbidity cohort was older (mean age 62.6 ± 11.2 vs 59.5 ± 12.0 years, p < 0.001), more likely to be female (52.9% vs 44.7%, p = 0.011), and had a higher BMI (mean 31.1 ± 6.7 vs 29.7 ± 6.2 kg/m 2 , p < 0.001). Multimorbidity patients exhibited worse mJOA, NDI, and EQ-5D scores at baseline and 24 months (p < 0.05). On multivariable analysis, the total number of comorbidities was not significantly associated with any PRO measures. Four comorbidity clusters were identified: low burden, arthritis, diabetes, and high burden. On one-way ANOVA, the baseline mJOA score was significantly different across clusters (p = 0.003). At 24 months, the mJOA score was significantly lower in the diabetes and high-burden endotypes. Twenty-four-month score change and minimal clinically important difference (MCID) achievement of all PROs remained similar across clusters (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS While patients with multimorbidity have worse baseline and postoperative PROs, they achieve similar functional and pain-related improvements following CSM surgery. Similarly, the comorbidity endotypes identified in this QOD cohort suggest that certain patterns of coexisting chronic conditions, such as overlapping diabetes and arthritis, are associated with different levels of disability but may not diminish the effectiveness of surgical intervention.

OBJECTIVE Chronic spinal degenerative diseases have been associated with reduced quality of life and dependency on others for personal needs and care. The change between preoperative and postoperative care dependency has yet to be explored in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM). In this retrospective study of a prospectively collected database, the authors evaluated the return to independence in performing self-care following surgical intervention for CSM. METHODS The CSM dataset of the Quality Outcomes Database (QOD) Spine CORe study group was queried. Care dependency was assessed using the personal care component of the Neck Disability Index (NDI) questionnaire, having an ordinal scale from 0 to 5, with 5 representing the inability to independently perform activities of daily living. Numeric rating scale (NRS) scores for arm pain and neck pain were recorded at a 24-months postoperative follow-up. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify baseline risk factors for an inability to care for oneself and the symptoms leading to care dependency at 24 months postoperatively. Satisfaction with surgery was measured using the 4-point North American Spine Society (NASS) index. RESULTS Of the 1137 patients with CSM and baseline personal care scores, 167 (14.7%) were care dependent at baseline (NDI personal care score ≥ 3). Patients with care dependency at baseline were predominantly Medicare beneficiaries and had a high school or lower level of education. Long-term follow-up rates for this study were 82.5% for NDI, 84.8% for patient satisfaction with surgery, 82.4% for NRS arm pain, and 81.8% for NRS neck pain. Of the care-dependent patients, more than 80% became independently able to care for themselves by the 24-month follow-up. Patients with resolved care dependency at 24 months had demonstrated lower baseline NDI and NRS neck pain scores (p < 0.01 for both). Neck pain was significantly associated with care dependency at 24 months’ follow-up (p < 0.01). Patients who reported improvement in their ability to care for themselves noted higher postoperative satisfaction (NASS score 1–2) at the 3-month (89.4% vs 80.2%, p < 0.01) and 24-month (88.2% vs 67.4%, p < 0.01) follow-ups. CONCLUSIONS Fifteen percent of patients with CSM depended on others for care preoperatively. After surgery to treat CSM, 81.8% of those who had depended on others for care became independent. Patients with improvements in care dependency noted higher postoperative satisfaction at the 3-month and 24-month follow-ups. Patients with resolved care dependency on long-term follow-up had lower NDI and NRS neck pain scores at baseline. Surgery had a significant impact on patients’ attainment of independence.

OBJECTIVE Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is often accompanied by neck pain, which, along with more recognized neurological deficits like motor and sensory changes, significantly impacts patients’ quality of life. The authors examined whether age influences improvements in neck disability and related quality-of-life measures after surgery for CSM. Using the Neck Disability Index (NDI) as the primary outcome, they compared long-term outcomes at 24 months among patients aged ≥ 65, ≥75, and < 65 years, exploring the effects of surgical intervention on both pain-related disability and functional recovery in older adults. METHODS Using the Quality Outcomes Database, the authors conducted a detailed propensity score–matched analysis on cohorts aged ≥ 65 and ≥ 75 years compared with a < 65-year-old cohort while controlling for baseline NDI scores, other demographic variables, health status, underlying pathology, number of levels, indication for surgery, surgical approach, and type of surgery. Differences in NDI total and subdomain scores at 24 months postoperatively were the primary measures of improvement. Age-related variability in NDI differential was assessed. EQ-5D and calculated SF-6D were secondary measures. RESULTS Of the 1141 patients in the cohort (January 2016 to December 2018), 687 patients were < 65 years, 325 were 65 to < 75 years, and 129 were ≥ 75 years of age. After propensity score matching, 197 patients each were well matched in the ≥ 65-year (mean 71.4 years) and < 65-year (mean 55.3 years) cohorts; similarly, 57 patients each were matched in the ≥ 75-year (mean 78.3 years) and < 65-year (mean 55.8 years) cohorts. Improvements in NDI scores and subdomain scores, EQ-5D, and calculated SF-6D were consistent at 3, 12, and 24 months postoperatively across all cohorts. At 24 months, patients ≥ 65 years showed NDI score improvements (−14.7 ± 22.3) similar to those < 65 years (−13.0 ± 21.3, p = 0.454), and patients ≥ 75 years demonstrated NDI improvements (−15.0 ± 19.7) comparable to those < 65 years (−17.6 ± 20.4, p = 0.499). A sensitivity analysis for linear relationship found that NDI improvement was statistically greater in older patients (7.5 points every 30 years, p < 0.0001), but this difference was below the minimal clinically important difference. Other clinical outcomes were similar between cohorts. CONCLUSIONS Surgical intervention for CSM yields substantial and similar improvements in NDI scores and other metrics among various age groups, including those aged at least 65 and 75 years. These results highlight the effectiveness of surgery across a broad patient demographic, underscoring its value in treating CSM irrespective of age.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: There has been limited assessment between anterior cervical diskectomy and fusion (ACDF) and anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion (ACCF) on patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) in the treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. We sought to compare PROMs from two-level ACDF with single-level ACCF procedures. We evaluate these results in the context of minimum clinically important difference (MCID) thresholds, which have not been performed previously. METHODS: This retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from the Quality Outcomes Database Spine Collaborative Research Study Group compared two-level ACDF and single-level ACCF at 3-, 12-, and 24 months postoperatively. PROMs included arm pain Numeric Rating Scale, neck pain Numeric Rating Scale, Neck Disability Index, and North American Spine Society Patient Satisfaction Index. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine differences in perioperative outcomes, as well as the impact of two-level ACDF vs one-level ACCF on PROMs. MCID thresholds were based off previously established limits. RESULTS: Three hundred and thirty patients were included (236 ACDF, 94 ACCF), and the follow-up rate was 82% at 2 years. There was a significantly higher baseline age, American Society of Anesthesiologists grade, proportion of diabetes, osteoarthritis, ambulation dependence, and myelopathy severity in the ACCF cohort. On multivariable analysis, the ACCF group had greater average length of stay and estimated blood loss. There were no significant differences between reoperation rates or nonroutine discharge. There were similar rates of MCID achievement for PROMs at all time points. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that both ACDF and ACCF procedures for cervical spondylotic myelopathy are able to achieve similar, clinically meaningful improvements in PROMs by 2 years. Patients undergoing single-level ACCF have more estimated blood loss and longer length of stay, as well as worse baseline myelopathy. Both procedures have efficacious, durable outcomes. It is reasonable that other factors, such as radiographic characteristics and patient symptoms, may influence patient selection for ACDF vs ACCF.

Study Design: Analysis of prospectively collected data. Objective: To assess if systemic illness severity affects cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) surgery outcomes. Summary of Background Data: It remains unclear if CSM patients with poor physical status/severe systemic illness benefit as much from surgery as those in good condition. Methods: Using the Quality Outcomes Database CSM cohort and the American Association of Anesthesiology (ASA) grade as a surrogate for illness burden, we compared patients with (ASA 3–4) and without (ASA 1–2) severe systemic illness, including rates of readmission and 24-month minimal clinically important differences (MCID) achievement for patient-reported outcomes (PROs)—numerical rating score (NRS) arm and neck pain, neck pain-related disability (NDI), and quality of life (EQ-5D). Results: Of 1141 CSM patients, 1062 had ASA grades recorded. Of these 1062 patients, 70.2% had a 2-year follow-up for mJOA, and 81%–84% had a follow-up for NRS arm and neck, NDI, and EQ-5D. Five hundred twenty-one patients (49.1%) had mild (ASA 1–2) and 541 (50.9%) had severe systemic illness (ASA 3–4). The severe disease cohort was older (63.3±11.0 vs. 57.4±11.7), had higher BMI (31.4±7.0 vs. 28.9±5.6), had more comorbidities (diabetes, coronary artery disease, depression), and had less independent ambulation (71.3% vs. 90.6%) ( P <0.05). At baseline, severe disease patients had worse NRS arm (5.2±3.5 vs. 4.7±3.4) and neck (5.5±3.2 vs. 5.1±3.3) pain, NDI (40.5±20.1 vs. 36.8±21.0), and EQ-5D (0.53±0.22 vs. 0.59±0.22) scores ( P <0.05). Perioperatively, the severe disease cohort had longer hospitalizations (2.4±2.6 vs. 1.7±2.0 days) and increased nonhome discharges (17% vs. 5%) ( P <0.05). The severe disease cohort had higher 90-day readmissions (7.6% vs. 2.5%), including surgery-related (3.7% vs. 1.5%) and non–surgery-related reasons (3.9% vs. 1.0%) ( P <0.05). On multivariate analysis, increased ASA grade was significantly associated with 90-day readmissions (OR: 2.55 per 1-grade increase, 95% CI: 1.38–4.83). However, both severe and mild disease cohorts had similarly high rates of achieving 2-year MCID for mJOA (67.5% vs. 66.0%), NRS arm (72.0% vs. 74.1%), neck (69.5% vs. 69.4%) pain, NDI (63.1% vs. 68.1%), and EQ-5D (67.9% vs. 66.9%) ( P >0.05). Conclusion: Patients with severe systemic illness (higher ASA) have worse baseline PROs and higher 90-day readmissions. However, they achieve similar MCID rates for mJOA and all measured PROs 2 years postoperatively.

OBJECTIVE Previous research suggests elective surgical procedures performed later in the week have worse outcomes. This study investigated whether the day of the week on which elective anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) surgery was performed impacts clinical outcomes. METHODS Using data from the Quality Outcomes Database, a nationwide, multicenter prospective registry, this study included patients undergoing elective ACDF for cervical spondylosis. Patients were categorized into groups based on the surgery day (early week, Monday and Tuesday; late week, Thursday and Friday). Analyzed outcomes included postoperative complications, readmissions, reoperations, and patient-reported outcomes. Statistical methods included the independent t-test, Pearson’s chi-square test, and multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS The study analyzed 19,818 patients, with 41.7% undergoing surgery early in the week and 36.9% later. There were no significant differences in 30-day mortality, readmissions, or reoperations between the two groups. Early-week surgical procedures were associated with a higher incidence of postoperative dysphagia requiring nasogastric tubes (0.6% vs 0.3%, p = 0.02) and a higher incidence of vocal cord paralysis (0.5% vs 0.3%, p = 0.01). The data indicate a surgical selection bias with more complex surgical procedures and higher risk patients typically scheduled earlier in the week, which likely contributed to the increased rates of dysphagia. Conversely, patients who underwent operations on Fridays were more likely to be discharged on the same day compared to those earlier in the week (p = 0.02), without a significant difference in length of stay overall. Surgical procedures performed later in the week were more likely to be performed at ambulatory surgical centers rather than inpatient facilities (p < 0.01), indicating a strategic selection of healthier patients for end-of-week procedures. CONCLUSIONS The day of elective ACDF surgery does not affect mortality, readmissions, or reoperation rates. However, early-week surgical procedures may see slightly higher rates of postoperative dysphagia and vocal cord paralysis, likely due to the scheduling of more complex cases or higher risk patients during these days. Overall, the authors’ data confirm that day of surgery does not influence overall patient recovery significantly. This information is useful for surgical planning and for providing patient reassurance that the day of the week does not significantly impact surgical outcomes.

OBJECTIVE Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) can be associated with urinary dysfunction, leading to an inability or marked difficulty with micturition. This study aimed to evaluate the urinary dysfunction, long-term prognosis, and recovery in patients with CSM following surgical intervention. METHODS The CSM cases of the Quality Outcomes Database SpineCORe study group were analyzed. Urinary control was assessed using the modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association (mJOA) urinary function subscore. Improvement was defined as a minimum improvement of 1 point in the mJOA urinary function subscore at the 2-year follow-up. Univariate and multivariable analyses were conducted as appropriate. RESULTS Of 1141 patients, 772 (67.7%) patients were identified with a minimum 2-year follow-up mJOA score, and 249 (32.3%) of these patients reported baseline urinary dysfunction. Of those 249 patients with baseline urinary control problems, 193 (77.5%) had improvement in urinary function postoperatively, and more women than men had improved urinary control after CSM surgery (54.9% vs 45.1%, p = 0.03). Apart from sex, demographic characteristics of patients who experienced urinary function improvement versus those who did not were similar. Patients who experienced urinary function improvement had lower overall baseline mJOA scores (10.2 vs 13, p < 0.01). Both cohorts reported similar rates of postoperative satisfaction (North American Spine Society scores of 1 and 2) (89.1% vs 85.9%, p = 0.26). CONCLUSIONS Among the one-third of patients with CSM experiencing urinary dysfunction, nearly 78% achieve improved urinary function at the 2-year postoperative follow-up. Women are more likely to experience improvement in this function. Patients with and without improvements in urinary function are equally satisfied with their surgery and report similar outcomes on long-term follow-up.

OBJECTIVE It is not clear whether smoking impacts patient-reported outcomes (PROs) in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM). The aim of this study was to explore the impact of smoking status on baseline symptom severity and the rate of achieving satisfaction and the minimal clinically important differences (MCIDs) for PROs in patients with CSM. METHODS This study was an analysis of the prospective Quality Outcomes Database CSM module. Patients aged ≥ 18 years diagnosed with primary CSM who underwent elective surgery were included. PROs (visual analog scale [VAS] neck and arm pain, Neck Disability Index [NDI], modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association [mJOA], and EQ-5D scores and North American Spine Society [NASS] patient satisfaction) were collected at baseline and 24 months of follow-up. RESULTS Of the 1141 patients with CSM, 202 (17.7%) were smokers and 939 (82.3%) were nonsmokers. Compared with the nonsmokers, smokers were younger (56.3 ± 11.3 years vs 61.5 ± 11.7 years, p < 0.01) and had a lower BMI (29.3 ± 6.8 vs 30.3 ± 6.3, p = 0.04). A higher proportion of smokers had depression, anxiety, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (all p < 0.01). At baseline, smokers had worse pain (VAS neck pain score: 6.0 ± 3.2 vs 5.1 ± 3.3; VAS arm pain score: 5.7 ± 3.2 vs 4.7 ± 3.5), disability (NDI score: 45.2 ± 20.0 vs 37.1 ± 20.6), myelopathy (mJOA score: 11.5 ± 2.9 vs 12.2 ± 2.8), and quality of life (EQ-5D score: 0.51 ± 0.23 vs 0.57 ± 0.22) (all p < 0.01). At the 24-month follow-up, a higher proportion of smokers achieved the MCID in mJOA (69.4% vs 56.6%, p < 0.01) compared with nonsmokers. However, after accounting for significant covariates, there was no significant difference in the baseline disease severity. There was also no difference between the PROs at the 24-month follow-up. The two groups also achieved similar MCIDs for most PROs and were similarly satisfied (NASS score of 1 or 2: smoker 81.2% vs nonsmoker 84.6%, p = 0.29) 24 months after surgery. CONCLUSIONS Smokers and nonsmokers with CSM had similar baseline disease severity and 24-month PROs. They also achieved similar rates of MCIDs for PROs and satisfaction after surgery. Numerous previous studies have documented the association between tobacco usage and inferior clinical outcomes after spine surgery. However, in the context of severe and debilitating spinal disorders such as cervical myelopathy, meaningful and impactful improvements are still seen in properly selected patients.