Citations

Most patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) have a single codon deletion (ΔF508) in the gene encoding the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) that impairs assembly of the multidomain glycoprotein. The mutant protein escapes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) quality control at low temperature, but is rapidly cleared from the distal secretory pathway and degraded in lysosomes. CF cells accumulate free cholesterol similar to Niemann-Pick disease type C cells. We show that this lipid alteration is caused by the presence of misassembled mutant CFTR proteins, including ΔF508, in the distal secretory pathway rather than the absence of functional CFTR. By contrast, cholesterol distribution is not changed by either D572N CFTR, which does not mature even at low temperature, or G551D, which is processed normally but is inactive. On expression of the ΔF508 mutant, cholesterol and glycosphingolipids accumulate in punctate endosomal structures and cholesterol esters are reduced, indicating a block in the translocation of cholesterol to the ER for esterification. This is overcome by Rab9 overexpression, resulting in clearance of accumulating intracellular cholesterol. Similar but less pronounced alterations in intracellular cholesterol distribution are observed on expression of a temperature-rescued mutant variant of the related ATP-binding cassette (ABC) protein multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1). Thus, on escape from ER quality control, misassembled mutants of CFTR and MRP1 impair lipid homeostasis in endocytic compartments.

AbstractAdoptive T-cell transfer has achieved significant clinical success in advanced melanoma. However, therapeutic efficacy is limited by poor T-cell survival after adoptive transfer and by inefficient trafficking to tumor sites. Here, we report that intratumoral expression of the chemokine CCL21 enhances the efficacy of adoptive T-cell therapy in a mouse model of melanoma. Based on our novel observation that CCL21 is highly chemotactic for activated OT-1 T cells in vitro and down-regulates expression of CD62L, we hypothesized that tumor cell–mediated expression of this chemokine might recruit, and retain, adoptively transferred T cells to the sites of tumor growth. Mice bearing metastatic tumors stably transduced with CCL21 survived significantly longer following adoptive T-cell transfer than mice bearing non–CCL21-expressing tumors. However, although we could not detect increased trafficking of the adoptively transferred T cells to tumors, tumor-expressed CCL21 promoted the survival and cytotoxic activity of the adoptively transferred T cells and led to the priming of antitumor immunity following T-cell transfer. To translate these observations into a protocol of real clinical usefulness, we showed that adsorption of a retrovirus encoding CCL21 to OT-1 T cells before adoptive transfer increased the therapeutic efficacy of a subsequently administered dose of OT-1 T cells, resulting in cure of metastatic disease and the generation of immunologic memory in the majority of treated mice. These studies indicate a promising role for CCL21 in enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of adoptive T-cell therapy. [Cancer Res 2007;67(1):300–8]

Abstract In this study, we observed loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in human chromosomal fragment 6q25.1 in sporadic lung cancer patients. LOH was observed in 65% of the 26 lung tumors examined and was narrowed down to a 2.2-Mb region. Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis of genes located within this region identified a candidate gene, termed p34. This gene, also designated as ZC3H12D, C6orf95, FLJ46041, or dJ281H8.1, carries an A/G nonsynonymous SNP at codon 106, which alters the amino acid from lysine to arginine. Nearly 73% of heterozygous lung cancer tissues with LOH and the A/G SNP also exhibited loss of the A allele. In vitro clonogenic and in vivo nude mouse studies showed that overexpression of the A allele exerts tumor suppressor function compared with the G allele. p34 is located within a recently mapped human lung cancer susceptibility locus, and association of the p34 A/G SNP was tested among these families. No significant association between the less frequent G allele and lung cancer susceptibility was found. Our results suggest that p34 may be a novel tumor suppressor gene involved in sporadic lung cancer but it seems not to be the candidate familial lung cancer susceptibility gene linked to chromosomal region 6q23-25. [Cancer Res 2007;67(1):93–9]

IBM Systems and Technology Group uses operations research models and methods extensively for solving large-scale supply chain optimization (SCO) problems for planning its extended enterprise semiconductor supply chain. The large-scale nature of these problems necessitates the use of computationally efficient solution methods. However, the complexity of the models makes developing robust solution methods a challenge. We developed a mixed-integer programming (MIP) model and supporting heuristics for optimizing IBM’s semiconductor supply chain. We designed three heuristics, driven by practical applications, for capturing the discrete aspects of the MIP. We leverage the model structure to overcome computational hurdles resulting from the large-scale problem. IBM uses the model and method daily for operational and strategic planning decisions and has saved substantial costs.

AbstractA role for genetic susceptibility in non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is supported by the accumulating evidence of common genetic variations altering NHL risk. However, the pattern of NHL heritability remains poorly understood. We conducted a pooled analysis of 10 211 NHL cases and 11 905 controls from the International Lymphoma Epidemiology Consortium (InterLymph) to evaluate NHL risk among those with hematopoietic malignancies in first-degree relatives. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of NHL and its subtypes were estimated from unconditional logistic regression models with adjustment for confounders. NHL risk was elevated for individuals who reported first-degree relatives with NHL (OR = 1.5; 95% CI = 1.2-1.9), Hodgkin lymphoma (OR = 1.6; 95% CI = 1.1-2.3), and leukemia (OR = 1.4; 95% CI = 1.2-2.7). Risk was highest among individuals who reported a brother with NHL (OR = 2.8; 95% CI = 1.6-4.8) and was consistent for all NHL subtypes evaluated. If a first-degree relative had Hodgkin lymphoma, NHL risk was highest if the relative was a parent (OR = 1.7; 95% CI = 1.0-2.9). If a first-degree relative had leukemia, NHL risk was highest among women who reported a sister with leukemia (OR = 3.0; 95% CI = 1.6-5.6). The pattern of NHL heritability appeared to be uniform across NHL subtypes, but risk patterns differed by specific hematopoietic malignancies and the sex of the relative, revealing critical clues to disease etiology.

Abstract The aims of this study were to assess the feasibility of prospective pharmacogenomics research in multicenter international clinical trials of bortezomib in multiple myeloma and to develop predictive classifiers of response and survival with bortezomib. Patients with relapsed myeloma enrolled in phase 2 and phase 3 clinical trials of bortezomib and consented to genomic analyses of pretreatment tumor samples. Bone marrow aspirates were subject to a negative-selection procedure to enrich for tumor cells, and these samples were used for gene expression profiling using DNA microarrays. Data quality and correlations with trial outcomes were assessed by multiple groups. Gene expression in this dataset was consistent with data published from a single-center study of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Response and survival classifiers were developed and shown to be significantly associated with outcome via testing on independent data. The survival classifier improved on the risk stratification provided by the International Staging System. Predictive models and biologic correlates of response show some specificity for bortezomib rather than dexamethasone. Informative gene expression data and genomic classifiers that predict clinical outcome can be derived from prospective clinical trials of new anticancer agents.