Citations

Abstract The sections in this article are: Regulation of the Upper Airway During Exercise Anatomy and Physiology of the Upper Airway Contractile Properties and Endurance of Upper Airway Muscles Changes in Upper Airway Flow Resistance During Exercise Upper Airway Muscle Activities during Exercise Oronasal Distribution of Respiratory Airflow Effects of Exercise on Passive Respiratory Mechanics Elastic Properties Total Lung Capacity Expiratory Flow Rates, Vital Capacity, and Residual Volume Breathing Pattern During Exercise Mechanical Breathing Pattern Methods of Assessment of Respiratory Muscle Contraction Pattern of Respiratory Muscle Contraction Influence of Sensory Feedback on Breathing Pattern Influence of Respiratory Mechanics on Breathing Pattern Influence of Duration of Exercise on Breathing Pattern Influence of Mode of Exercise on Breathing Pattern Breathing Pattern during Recovery from Exercise Physiological Implications of Exercise Breathing Pattern Importance of Respiratory Load in Regulation of Exercise Hyperpnea Helium‐Oxygen Unloading Unloading with Pressure Assist Conclusion Locomotor‐Respiration Interdependence Entrainment—the Most Obvious Locomotor‐Respiratory Interaction How Does Entrainment Effect Ventilation? Is there Stronger Evidence to Support a Significant Biomechanical Effect of Locomotion on Respiration in Dogs? Are Biomechanical Effects Important in Entrainment in Humans? Locomotory: Respiratory Interactions, Independent of Entrainment Conclusion Respiratory Muscle Perfusion and Energetics Oxygen Cost of Hyperpnea Respiratory Muscle Blood Flow Exercise‐Induced Respiratory Muscle Fatigue Respiratory System Design Assessment of Diaphragm Fatigue in Animal Models Glycogen Depletion Fiber Type Recruitment Definition of Fatigue Task Failure vs. Objective Assessment of Fatigue Contractile Changes with Fatigue Predicting Respiratory Muscle Fatigue During Exercise Application of Resting Tests to Respiratory Muscle Function During Exercise Assessment of Respiratory Muscle Fatigue in Humans Volitional Tests Volitional Tests Applied to Exercise Nonvolitional Tests Bilateral Phrenic Nerve Stimulation ( BPNS ) Characteristics of Diaphragm Fatigue High‐ vs. Low‐Frequency Fatigue Sites and Mechanisms of Respiratory Muscle Fatigue Central Fatigue in Humans Neurotransmission Fatigue Bilateral Phrenic Nerve Stimulation Applied to Exercise Short‐Term Exercise Endurance Exercise Factors Contributing to the Decline in Twitch Pdi Following Exercise Role of Diaphragmatic Force Output in Fatigue Consequences of Exercise‐Induced Diaphragmatic Fatigue Fatigue vs. Task Failure Does Training of Respiratory Muscles Affect Exercise Performance? Altered Respiratory Muscle Recruitment with Fatigue Physical Training Effects on Respiratory Muscles Respiratory Muscle Morphology and Contractile Properties Whole‐Body Training: Effects on Rodent Respiratory Muscles Whole‐Body Exercise: Effects on Human Respiratory Muscle Performance Specific Respiratory Muscle Training Respiratory Sensation During Exertion Mechanisms of Respiratory Sensations during Exercise Methods of Assessing Respiratory Sensations Respiratory Movements An Urge to Breathe A Sense of Respiratory Effort Respiratory Sensation as a Respiratory Controller during Exercise Respiratory Sensation as a Limiting Factor during Exercise Conclusions Summary—Pulmonary System Limitations and Their Effects on Exercise Performance Absence of Pulmonary System Limitations in the Normally Fit Contrasting Adaptabilities: Demand vs. Capacity Alveolar Capillary Diffusion Surface of the Lung Ventilatory Limitations/Constraints Inadequate Alveolar Ventilation and Limitations Endurance Exercise Performance Special Circumstances Favoring Pulmonary Limitations to Exercise Performance in Health Hypoxia of High Altitudes Aging Effects on Pulmonary Limitations

Abstract The sections in this article are: Effects of Anesthesia on the Chest Wall Anesthesia With Spontaneous Breathing Anesthesia‐Paralysis With Mechanical Ventilation of the Lungs Effects of Anesthesia on FRC Effects of Anesthesia on Pressure‐Volume Relationships Total Respiratory System Lungs Chest Wall Mechanisms for Changes in Pressure‐ Volume Relationships Effects of Anesthesia on Pressure‐Flow Relationships Effects of Anesthesia on Intrapulmonary Inspired‐Gas Distribution Anesthesia With Spontaneous Breathing Anesthesia‐Paralysis With Mechanical Ventilation of the Lungs Conclusions

Abstract The sections in this article are: Basic Concepts—Review of Muscle Mechanics Muscle Fiber Types Mechanics of Muscle Electrical Properties of Skeletal Muscle Individual Respiratory Muscles and Their Properties General Considerations Diaphragm Intercostal Muscles Sternocleidomastoid and Scalenus Muscles Abdominal Muscles Other Respiratory Muscles Altered Respiratory Muscle Mechanical Properties in Disease Obstructive Lung Disease Diseases Characterized by Stiff Lungs Neuromuscular Diseases Severe Obesity

Abstract The sections in this article are: Mechanism of Expiratory Flow Limitation Wave‐Speed Limitation Viscous Flow Limitation Computational Model Measurement and Analysis Volume‐Time Flow‐Volume Relative Merits of Presentations Volume‐Time Flow‐Volume Additional Considerations Volume and Time History Effects of Changing Gas Properties Dysanaptic Growth Axial Bronchial Tension Thoracoabdominal Mechanics

Abstract The sections in this article are: Why is Stress Distribution Nonuniform? Why is it Important to Know Stress Distribution? Simplifications Introduced to Analysis of Stress Distribution Relationship Between Microscopic Structure and Macroscopic Properties Material Properties of Lung Parenchyma Meaning of Other Elastic Constants Implications of Relative Magnitudes of Bulk and Shear Moduli Macroscopic Lung Stress Distribution Local Stress Distribution

Abstract The sections in this article are: Equation of Motion Application of Equation of Motion to a Model Determination of Resistance and Compliance Inertance and Reactance Impedance Time Constant Nonlinear Resistance and Hysteresis Application of Equation of Motion to the Respiratory System Applied Pressures Relationship to Lung Volume Tidal Breathing Opposing Pressures Flow Resistance Maximal Expiratory Flow Gas Compression and Measurement of Flow‐Volume Curves Dynamics of Breathing Breathing at Rest and During Exercise Factors Affecting Respiratory Dynamics

Abstract The sections in this article are: Lung Volumes Volume‐Pressure Relations of Respiratory System During Relaxation Total Respiratory System Chest Wall and Lung Effects of Gravity and Posture Changes Throughout Life Span Volume‐Pressure Relations of Respiratory System During Static Muscular Efforts Alveolar Pressure Abdominal and Thoracic Pressures Factors Limiting Volume Extremes Upper Volume Extreme Lower Volume Extreme

Abstract The sections in this article are: Wave‐Speed Flow‐Limiting Mechanism Viscous Flow Limitation Relation Between Wave‐Speed and Viscous Flow‐Limiting Mechanisms Comments on Modeling

Background: Patients performing self-triage for chest pain need to pick an algorithm which includes questions pertinent to chest pain to triage accurately. Objective: Our study reviews patient self-triage choices and outcomes for patients who completed an online self-triage encounter before being triaged by a nurse for chest pain. Methods: Patients who underwent telephone nurse triage for chest pain, and also had an online self-triage encounter within the prior 24 hours were reviewed for the frequency with which they chose “chest pain” as their symptom to triage for during self-triage, whether they reported chest pain during the self-triage encounter (if asked as part of the algorithm for their chosen self-triage symptom) and whether the patient had any follow up evaluation within 1 week. Results: There were 70 self-triage and nurse triage dyads during the study period where triage nurses chose “chest pain” as the primary symptom to be triaged for during the telephone triage encounter. Of these, only 5 (7.1%) patients chose the “chest pain” self-triage option during online self-triage. During the self-triage encounter, 50 (71%) reported chest pain, 10 (14%) denied chest pain and 10 chose to self-triage their symptoms with an algorithm that did not include a question on whether chest pain was present. Of the 70 total dyads 59 (84%) had a follow up emergency department (40 patients) or office visit (19 patients) documented. Conclusion: Most patients chosen to be triaged for chest pain by triage nurses did not choose the online self-triage algorithm for chest pain even though the majority did report chest pain during their self-triage encounter (when asked). This is concerning from a safety perspective as a non-chest pain self-triage option chosen by the patient may not always ask about the presence or absence of chest pain and thus could increase the risk of being triaged inaccurately. Implications for improvement of self-triage could include diagrams for patients to choose the symptom area.

Abstract The sections in this article are: Functional Division of Stomach Methodological Aspects: Interrelationships Among Parietal Force and Manometric and Electrical Measurements of Gastric Motility Gastrointestinal Motility During Interdigestive Period Interdigestive Motor Pattern of Stomach Interrelationships Between Gastric Motility, Secretion, and Clearance of Duodenogastric Reflux During Interdigestive Period Gastrointestinal Response to A Meal Swallowing Early Postcibal Period Plateau Phase Declining Phase and Transition to Interdigestive Activity Gastric Emptying Profile Relationships among Gastric Emptying, Motility, and Structure: Mechanics of Gastric Emptying Preliminary Processing: Antropyloric Grinder Emptying Function Effects of Gravity and Body Position on Gastric Emptying Regulation of Gastric Emptying Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Meals That Influence their Emptying From Stomach Interactions Between Gastric Emptying and Gastric Secretion Intestinal Motility and its Relationship to Luminal Flow and Absorption Physiological Measurement of Transit In Small Bowel Effect of Opiates and Sex Hormones on Intestinal Motility and Transit Control of Gastrointestinal Motility: Physiological and Pathophysiological Implications for Gastric Motility and Intestinal Transit Control at Level of Gut Smooth Muscle Control at Level of Gut Intrinsic and Extrinsic Nervous Systems Hormonal Control Control at Cerebral Level