Citations

Abstract Optimal management of anticoagulation for patients with aortic mechanical heart valves (MHVs) receiving vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures is clinically challenging. Risk of bleeding from an unanticipated polypectomy or biopsy further complicates this issue. Current guidelines on use of bridging with low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) for these procedures are based on low-quality evidence. We conducted a subanalysis of a retrospective, multicenter observational study of adult patients with aortic MHVs receiving VKAs who underwent elective gastrointestinal endoscopies (colonoscopy or upper endoscopy). We included patients who underwent the procedure between July 1, 2020, and July 1, 2023, at five centers in Canada and the United States Patients with procedures performed on separate days within a 30-day period were excluded. Efficacy and safety outcomes included thromboembolic events, major bleeding (MB), and clinically relevant non-major bleeding (CRNMB) in the 30 days post procedure. A total of 192 endoscopic procedures were analyzed. Median (interquartile range [IQR]) patient age was 66 years (58.2–72.8) and 22% were female. Warfarin was interrupted for 185 procedures (96%). Among these, 119 (64%) received LMWH bridging: 33 (17%) pre-procedure only, 10 (5%) post-procedure only, and 76 (40%) both pre- and post-procedure. Post-procedure LMWH was initiated a median (IQR) of 1 day (1–1) and discontinued 5 days post-procedure (3–8). MB occurred in two patients (1%), CRNMB in two patients (1%), and one death (0.5%) was identified; no thromboembolic events occurred. Prior to propensity score matching (PSM), post-procedure LMWH with or without pre procedure LMWH was associated with the composite outcome of MB and CRNMB (P = 0.034), although not with MB or CRNMB individually. After stepwise regression and PSM analyses, no significant differences in bleeding outcomes were observed between patients who received LMWH bridging and those who did not. Our findings indicate that although adverse thrombotic events were rare and use of post-procedure LMWH bridging was significantly associated with a small absolute increased risk of bleeding, it was not significant after PSM. Larger prospective studies are needed to better inform antithrombotic management guidelines for patients with aortic MHVs undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy.

Significant progress has been made in treating Coronavirus disease (COVID) – an infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). An ominous turn in the pandemic is the evolving public health crisis emanating from persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection and its associated long-term impact. Long COVID or post–COVID syndrome describes protean symptoms that persist at least 3 months after the onset of acute illness and last for at least 2 months in individuals with a history of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Long COVID has become a public health concern. Millions of infected individuals are now facing chronic multi-organ failures, including neuropsychiatric, cardiovascular, pulmonary, and kidney complications. In general, the cause of long COVID syndrome is unclear but factors such as prolonged activation of immune responses, and viral persistence triggering transcription dysregulation of genes associated with normal thrombotic disease may play a role in cardiovascular complications. Although inflammatory biomarkers are reported in other disorders, it remains unclear whether similar biomarkers are associated with cardiovascular manifestations following COVID. Medications such as sulodexide directed at glycocalyx and coagulation have demonstrated benefits for long COVID in smaller studies. Here, we describe the outcomes of the symposium on the underlying cardiovascular mechanisms of the long COVID.

Background: It is uncertain whether presence of CAD has a prognostic implication in patients (pts) with CLI. We sought to compare the trends and outcomes of pts with CLI based on presence of history of CAD. Methods: Temporal trends in hospitalization for CLI based on history of CAD were determined using the 2000-2018 NIS database. A multivariable regression analyses of outcomes was performed based on the CAD status and revascularization type. Propensity score matching was used to compare outcomes based on type of revascularization. Primary outcome of interest was in-hospital mortality. Results: Among 13,570,000 pts with CLI (41% female, 69% whites, mean age 69 years), 23% had concomitant CAD and 9.6% underwent revascularization (42.6% endovascular & 57.4% surgical). In pts with CLI, there was an increasing trend in the prevalence of CAD (Figure; Panel A). Furthermore, in pts with CLI + CAD, the frequency of endovascular revascularization increased from 15% to 48% while there was a decreasing trend of surgical revascularization (85% to 52%). After multivariate adjustments, CLI + CAD was associated with increased risk of in-hospital mortality (OR: 1.40; CI: 1.32-1.47) & bleeding requiring transfusion (OR: 1.10; CI: 1.06-1.12) than those with CLI without CAD (Figure; Panel B). Among both patients with CLI + CAD & CLI without CAD, endovascular revascularization was associated with lower likelihood of in-hospital mortality (OR: 0.69; CI: 0.63- 0.76 & OR: 0.71; CI: 0.67-0.76) & bleeding requiring transfusion (OR: 0.40; CI: 0.38- 0.43 & OR: 0.44; CI: 0.43- 0.46) than surgical revascularization. Conclusions: Increasing prevalence and poor prognosis of CAD among patients with CLI warrants immediate attention to optimize preventive and treatment strategies.

Background: Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a prevalent condition affecting one in four patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD). Intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) has proven benefits in PAD. We are conducting a trial testing the utility of IPC in the ESRD population by assessing the improvement in quality of life (QOL), functional limitation and walking performance from PAD-related symptoms. We aim to present our pilot results. Methods: Prospective single cohort study undergoing recruitment of outpatients at the hemodialysis (HD) unit of John H. Stroger Hospital. The calculated sample size is 78. PAD is confirmed by ankle-brachial index (ABI) and demographics obtained from interview and chart review. At baseline and post intervention, a Six-minute Walk Test (6MWT), Peripheral Artery Questionnaire (PAQ) and Walking Impairment Questionnaire (WIQ) are administered. The IPC device (Bio Arterial Plus) is used for intervention during HD. We present continuous variables as median (IQR) and categorical variables as percentage. Wilcoxon signed rank test was performed for comparison of results. Results: So far, 9 patients have completed intervention for the pilot study, 44% are men, the majority hispanic (66%), with age 48 (41-63) years. At baseline 66% of ABI were abnormal, all due to non-compressible PAD 1.46 (1.20-1.62). All patients have HTN, 44% diabetes, 33% hyperlipidemia and 33% heart failure. The median time of intervention is 70 (60-83) days. There was a significant difference in QOL measured by the WIQ (Fig.1), PAQ physical limitation (p=0.011), and PAQ social limitation (p=0.018). Although there was a trend towards benefit, no statistical difference was found on rest of objective and subjective measured parameters (p>0.05) Conclusions: Preliminary, IPC shows to improve many subsets of QOL in patients with ESRD and PAD. Given the small sample, improvement of walking distance remains elusive but with trends towards benefit.

AbstractCOVID-19 is also manifested with hypercoagulability, pulmonary intravascular coagulation, microangiopathy, and venous thromboembolism (VTE) or arterial thrombosis. Predisposing risk factors to severe COVID-19 are male sex, underlying cardiovascular disease, or cardiovascular risk factors including noncontrolled diabetes mellitus or arterial hypertension, obesity, and advanced age. The VAS-European Independent Foundation in Angiology/Vascular Medicine draws attention to patients with vascular disease (VD) and presents an integral strategy for the management of patients with VD or cardiovascular risk factors (VD-CVR) and COVID-19. VAS recommends (1) a COVID-19-oriented primary health care network for patients with VD-CVR for identification of patients with VD-CVR in the community and patients' education for disease symptoms, use of eHealth technology, adherence to the antithrombotic and vascular regulating treatments, and (2) close medical follow-up for efficacious control of VD progression and prompt application of physical and social distancing measures in case of new epidemic waves. For patients with VD-CVR who receive home treatment for COVID-19, VAS recommends assessment for (1) disease worsening risk and prioritized hospitalization of those at high risk and (2) VTE risk assessment and thromboprophylaxis with rivaroxaban, betrixaban, or low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) for those at high risk. For hospitalized patients with VD-CVR and COVID-19, VAS recommends (1) routine thromboprophylaxis with weight-adjusted intermediate doses of LMWH (unless contraindication); (2) LMWH as the drug of choice over unfractionated heparin or direct oral anticoagulants for the treatment of VTE or hypercoagulability; (3) careful evaluation of the risk for disease worsening and prompt application of targeted antiviral or convalescence treatments; (4) monitoring of D-dimer for optimization of the antithrombotic treatment; and (5) evaluation of the risk of VTE before hospital discharge using the IMPROVE-D-dimer score and prolonged post-discharge thromboprophylaxis with rivaroxaban, betrixaban, or LMWH.

Abstract Background: Currently, low molecular weight heparin is the guideline endorsed treatment of patients with cancer associated venous thromboembolism (VTE). While apixaban is approved for the treatment of acute VTE, there are limited data supporting its use in cancer patients. Methods: Patients with cancer associated acute VTE were randomly assigned to receive either apixaban 10 mg twice daily for 7 days followed by 5 mg twice daily or subcutaneous dalteparin (200 IU/kg for 1 month followed by 150 IU/kg once daily) for 6 months. The primary outcome was major bleeding. Secondary outcomes included VTE recurrence and a composite of major plus clinically relevant non-major bleeding. Results: Of the 300 patients who underwent randomization, 287 were included in the primary analysis. Of these, metastatic disease was present in 65.5% of subjects and 74% were receiving concurrent systemic cancer therapy. Colorectal, lung, pancreas, and breast cancers were the four most prevalent cancer types. Major bleeding occurred in 0 of the 142 patients (0%) in the apixaban group as compared with 3 of the 145 patients (2.1%) in the dalteparin group (p=0.9956). Recurrent VTE occurred in 5 patients (3.4%) in the apixaban group and 20 patients (14.1%) in the dalteparin group (difference in risk -10.7 percentage points) with a Hazard Ratio (HR) 0.26, (95% CI, 0.09 - 0.80, p = 0.0182). Major plus clinically relevant non-major bleeding were similar at 9% for both groups. There were no mortality differences comparing apixaban (15.9%) and dalteparin (10.6%) groups at 6 months (HR 1.36, 95% CI 0.79 - 2.35). Monthly quality of life surveys favored apixaban therapy for many measures including: concern for excess bruising, stress, irritation, burden of delivery, and overall satisfaction with anticoagulant therapy (p<0.05). Monthly bruising questionnaire favored apixaban at each interval (p<0.002). Conclusions: Oral apixaban therapy was associated with very low rates of bleeding and significantly lower VTE recurrence with superior quality of life outcome measures compared to parenteral dalteparin in the treatment of cancer associated VTE. These data support the clinical utility of apixaban for the acute treatment of VTE in this patient population. Table. Table. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Abstract Abstract 491 Introduction: Chronically-anticoagulated patients with active cancer (Ca) often require temporary interruption of warfarin for an invasive diagnostic or therapeutic procedure. While such patients may be at increased risk for periprocedural thromboembolism and bleeding, there are virtually no estimates of these outcomes among Ca patients or the most appropriate periprocedural anticoagulation management. The aims of this study were to estimate rates of these outcomes among Ca patients and to test active cancer and “bridging” low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) as potential predictors of these outcomes. Patients and Methods: In a retrospective cohort study, all chronically-anticoagulated patients referred to the Mayo Clinic Thrombophilia Center for periprocedural anticoagulation management over the 11-year period, 1997-2007, were followed forward in time for the outcomes of venous and arterial thromboembolism (VTE; ATE), major bleeding and vital status within 3 months of consultation. Warfarin was stopped 4-5 days prior to the procedure and patients received bridging LMWH according to the estimated risk of thromboembolism and bleeding. All outcome events were centrally adjudicated using pre specified criteria. Results: The total cohort (n=2517) included 500 patients with Ca. Chronic anticoagulation indications included prior VTE (n=1033), mechanical heart valve (n=669), atrial fibrillation (n=530) and other (mainly vascular bypass; n=285). 65% and 64% of patients with and without Ca received bridging LMWH, respectively. Prior VTE was more common among Ca patients compared to those without CA, both in the bridged (56% vs 37%; p<0.001) and the non-bridged (48% vs 39%; p<0.05) groups. The 3 month rate for the composite of VTE, ATE or bleeding was higher among Ca patients compared to patients without Ca (5% vs 2%; p=0.004) due to higher post procedure rates of VTE (1% vs 0.2%; p<0.001) and major bleeding (4% vs 1.7%; p=0.009); the post procedure ATE rates were low in both groups (0.40% vs 0.45%). For the entire cohort, patients receiving bridging LMWH had a significantly higher rate of post procedure bleeding (5% vs 1%; p<0.05). Finally, there were significantly more deaths in Ca patients compared to non-Ca patients (5% vs. 1%; p<0.001). Conclusions: The three-month rates of VTE, major bleeding and death among patients with Ca in whom anticoagulation is temporarily interrupted for an invasive procedure is significantly higher than in patients without Ca, especially the major bleeding rate. Use of heparin increases this rate even farther, suggesting that bridging should be used with caution in patients with active cancer. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Abstract Introduction Cancer associated thrombosis is the second most common cause of mortality among patients with malignancy. While preventive low molecular weight heparin is effective in preventing venous thromboembolism (VTE), lack of agreement on risk stratification methods have precluded its widespread use. The most studied VTE prediction tool is the Khorana score, but it does not capitalize on the use of novel biomarkers. We aimed to evaluate the value of biomarkers in prediction of VTE among patients with active cancer receiving outpatient chemotherapy. Methods We prospectively collected pre-chemotherapy blood samples on adult patients with solid organ tumors. We excluded patients on anticoagulation and those unable or unwilling to consent. Along with demographics and cancer specific variables, potential novel predictors of VTE were selected a priori and included: coated platelets (CP), D dimer (DD), protein C (PC), fibrin monomers (FM), mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet microparticles (PMP). Type of cancer was grouped according to the Khorana score (Very high risk: Stomach, Pancreas; High risk: Lung, Gynecologic, Bladder, Testicular; Low/Moderate risk: all other sites). VTE events were adjudicated at 6 months of follow up. For all statistical analyses we used SAS 9.2 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). A p value of <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. We only performed univariate analysis at this point of our study due to the stage of recruitment and period of follow-up. Results We have recruited a total of 101 patients (mean + standard deviation age 59.7+11 years, 68% female), 20% of the 75 patients with complete follow up have developed a VTE. We found no significant association between the incidence of VTE and age, gender, or baseline Khorana score. The variables associated with incident VTE were: BMI (odds ratio [OR] 8.5 for BMI<25 kg/m2, p<0.001), type of cancer (OR 14.5 for very high risk compared to high risk, p<0.01) and protein C (OR 3.3 for protein C<110ug/mL the lowest tertile, p=0.05). The rest of the tested potential biomarkers did not have a strong association with incident VTE in the current analysis (Table). Twenty percent of the patients were on aspirin and none of them developed VTE compared to 23% of those not taking aspirin who developed VTE, (p=0.2). Conclusion Pre Chemotherapy level of Protein C is a potential biomarker for the incidence of VTE. We confirm that cancer type and BMI are predictors of cancer associated VTE. In addition, lower BMI is not usually recognized as a potential predictor of VTE in other prediction scores. We were underpowered to detect differences in the VTE incidence according to Khorana score. Finally, aspirin may have a role in outpatient cancer associated VTE prevention and deserves further investigation. Disclosures: Tafur: Stago Diagnostica: Research Funding. Rathbun:Stago Diagnostica: Research Funding.

AbstractIntroduction:Patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) experience frequent hemodialysis (HD) complications. Intradialytic hypotension (IDH) is a common complication presenting in approximately between 20 and 50% of HD sessions. Available interventions such as volume replacement or vasoactive medications are associated with significant side effects.Intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) has been proposed as a feasible intervention for the prevention of IDH, treatment of peripheral arterial disease and venous ulcers. These devices apply intermittent pressure to the legs improving arterial blood flow, mobilization of pooled blood with an increase in venous return increasing the effective circulatory volume.Our goal was to identify the published clinical evidence on whether IPC has a circulatory benefit and is it well‐tolerated among patients receiving HD.Methods:We conducted a systematic review to identify studies assessing the efficacy and safety of IPC in patients with ESRD. Our primary outcome was IDH. Secondary outcomes such as HD comfort, ultrafiltration volume, and physical activity were collected. No restrictions where used and we included all observational and interventional studies. Two reviewers performed screening and study quality assessment.Findings:We included seven studies. Out of the seven studies, five addressed IDH, and the rest were included for secondary outcomes such as physical capacity and HD comfort. In one randomized crossover trial comparing exercise against IPC, 21 patients were randomized to 3 different arms (no intervention, cycling, IPC) a decrease in the rates of IDH with IPC was described (43%, 38%, and 24% respectively P = 0.014). The smaller studies corroborated these results. All studies where at high risk of bias.Discussion:IPC might offer significant benefits for patients undergoing HD not limited to prevention of IDH but also improvement of hemodialysis comfort and physical capacity. However, our results should be interpreted in the context of its limitations.