Benarroch, Eduardo E.

Abstract The synucleinopathies—Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, multiple system atrophy, and pure autonomic failure—result from distinct patterns of abnormal α‐synuclein aggregation throughout the nervous system. Autonomic dysfunction in these disorders results from variable involvement of the central and peripheral autonomic networks. The major pathologic hallmark of Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies is Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites; of multiple system atrophy, oligodendroglial cytoplasmic inclusions; and of pure autonomic failure, peripheral neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions. Clinical manifestations include orthostatic hypotension, thermoregulatory dysfunction, gastrointestinal dysmotility, and urogenital dysfunction with neurogenic bladder and sexual dysfunction. Strong evidence supports isolated idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep disorder as a significant risk factor for the eventual development of synucleinopathies with autonomic and/or motor involvement. In contrast, some neurologically normal elderly individuals have Lewy‐related pathology. Future work may reveal protective or vulnerability factors that allow some patients to harbor Lewy pathology without overt autonomic dysfunction. © 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society

The cardiovascular responses to sympathomimetic agents, the norepinephrine (NE) content in peripheral tissues, and the tissue content and cardiovascular effects of neuropeptide Y (NPY) were examined in anesthetized adult rats with guanethidine-induced sympathectomy (GuSx). We observed blunted pressor responses to tyramine, exaggerated pressor responses to phenylephrine, and markedly reduced NE contents in the atrium, femoral artery, superior cervical ganglion (SCG), and sciatic and vagus nerves. When tyramine responses were corrected for the NE content in the SCG, GuSx rats were similar to controls. A depletion of NPY levels in tissue resulted in an increased sensitivity to the pressor effects of intravenous NPY administration. GuSx, therefore, reproduces findings of postganglionic adrenergic failure in humans. Responses to the administration of sympathomimetic agents may reflect the degree of noradrenergic denervation. NPY may be a potential marker of chronic postganglionic sympathetic denervation in cardiovascular tissue.