Pandey, Ambarish

Introduction: Higher body mass index (BMI) is an independent risk factor for incident atrial fibrillation (AF). However, its impact on management strategies and clinical outcomes among patients with prevalent AF is unclear. Methods: The study cohort included patients with AF enrolled in the Outcomes Registry for Better Informed Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation (ORBIT-AF) registry from June 2010 through August 2011. Participants with BMI > 18.5 kg/m2 were stratified into normal (18.5 - 25 kg/m2), overweight (25 - 30 kg/m2), Class I obese (30 - 35 kg/m2), Class II obese (35 - 40 kg/m2), and Class III obese (>40 kg/m2) categories. Unadjusted and adjusted Cox frailty models were constructed to assess the categorical and continuous association of BMI with AF progression, mortality, and incidence of thromboembolic events. Results: We evaluated 9,606 patients with AF (mean age: 74 + 11 years; 42% women) from 174 US ORBIT participating practices. Patients in the higher BMI categories were younger and had a higher prevalence of comorbidities such as diabetes, hypertension, and obstructive sleep apnea. AF symptom burden was greatest among patients in extreme BMI categories. Proportional use of anticoagulation, antiarrhythmic drugs, and invasive rhythm control strategies was significantly greater among patients in higher BMI categories. Rates for mortality and stroke/non-CNS embolism decreased in a near linear fashion across successively higher BMI categories (P<0.001; Table). After multivariable adjustment, higher BMI categories were associated with lower risk for mortality (p = 0.0002), with the lowest risk observed among overweight patients [Hazard Ratio (HR) (95% CI): 0.65 (0.54 - 0.79) ref. group: normal weight]. For every 5-kg/m2 increase in BMI, the odds of risk-adjusted mortality were 6% lower [HR (95% CI): 0.94 (0.89 - 0.98)]. In contrast, the association between BMI and risk for stroke/non-CNS embolism was significant on unadjusted analysis (P <0.001) but attenuated after adjustment for risk factors (P = 0.78; Table). No significant association was observed between BMI and AF progression rates in either unadjusted (P = 0.35) or adjusted analyses (P = 0.17). Conclusion: Among patients with AF, higher BMI was associated with a greater use of anticoagulation, rhythm control strategies, and lower mortality risk.

Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a common cause of heart failure (HF). Whether the extent of coronary artery stenosis differs by HF type or prognosis for patients admitted with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) is uncertain. Methods: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study conducted hospital surveillance of adjudicated HF in 4 US areas from 2005-2014. Medical histories were abstracted from the hospital record. Obstructive CAD was defined as > 49% stenosis in the left main coronary artery or >74% stenosis in the other major coronary arteries. Associations between obstructive CAD and 28-day mortality were analyzed separately for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), adjusting for age, race, sex, year of admission, and coronary revascularization procedures. All analyses were weighted by the inverse of the sampling probability. Results: A total of 5115 patients admitted with ADHF underwent coronary angiography during the hospital visit (mean age = 72, 45% women, 28% Black, 30% HFpEF). Obstructive CAD was more prevalent with HFrEF ( Figure 1 ), whether at the left main coronary artery (16% vs 12%), left anterior descending artery (50% vs 35%), left circumflex artery (42% vs 34%), right coronary artery (45% vs 34%), or multiple coronary vessels (47% vs 34%). A similar proportion of patients with obstructive CAD underwent revascularization, irrespective of HF type (HFrEF: 55%, HFpEF: 61%). After adjustments, obstructive CAD (in any vessel) was associated with higher 28-day mortality, both for HFrEF (OR: 3.21; CI: 1.91 - 5.97) and HFpEF (OR: 3.62; 95% CI: 1.43 - 9.18) with no significant interaction by HF type ( P -interaction = 0.9). Conclusion: Patients hospitalized with ADHF and coexisting obstructive CAD are at greater risk of short-term mortality, irrespective of the HF type, warranting the need for effective interventions as well as secondary preventive measures in this population.

Abstract Introduction The prevalence and outcomes of polyvascular disease (PVD) in patients admitted with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) have not been previously reported, nor is it known whether associations differ for heart failure (HF) with reduced vs. preserved ejection fraction (HFrEF vs HFpEF, respectively). Purpose To investigate the relationship between atherosclerotic involvement of multiple arterial territories and mortality in patients hospitalized with ADHF. Methods The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study conducted hospital surveillance of adjudicated heart failure in 4 US areas from 2005–2014, with events verified by physician review. Medical histories were abstracted from the hospital record. PVD was defined by coexisting disease in ≥2 arterial beds, identified by prevalent coronary artery disease, peripheral arterial disease, and cerebrovascular disease. Mortality hazards of PVD vs. no PVD were analyzed separately for HFpEF and HFrEF, with adjustment for age, race, sex, year of admission and geographic region. All analyses were weighted by the inverse of the sampling probability. Results Of 24,936 ADHF hospitalizations (52% female, 32% Black, mean age 75 years), 19% had PVD (22% among HFrEF hospitalizations, 17% among HFpEF hospitalizations), Figure 1. There was an increasing trend in 1-year mortality with 0, 1 and ≥2 arterial bed involvement, both for patients with HFrEF (29% to 32% to 38%; P-trend=0.0006) and HFpEF (26% to 32% to 37%; P-trend &lt;0.0001). After adjustments, PVD was associated with a 20% higher hazard of 1-year mortality in patients with HFrEF (HR=1.23; 95% CI: 1.06–1.44) and a 30% higher hazard in patients with HFpEF (HR=1.33; 95% CI: 1.09–1.63), with no significant interaction by HF type (P-interaction = 0.5). Conclusion Patients hospitalized with ADHF and coexisting PVD have an increased risk of death, irrespective of HF type. Clinical attention should be directed toward PVD, with secondary prevention strategies enacted to improve the prognosis of this vulnerable population. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: Public Institution(s). Main funding source(s): National Institutes of Health Distributions of arterial diseaseTrends in 1-year mortality outcomes

Abstract Objective Evaluate the association between prefrailty and the risk of heart failure (HF) among older adults. Design, setting, and participants This prospective, community‐based cohort study included participants from the Atherosclerotic Risk in Communities study who underwent detailed frailty assessment using Fried Criteria and physical function assessment using the Short Performance Physical Battery (SPPB) score. Individuals with prevalent HF and frailty were excluded. Main outcomes and measures Adjusted association between prefrailty (vs robust), physical function measures (SPPB score, grip strength, and gait speed), and incident HF (overall and HF subtypes, HF with reduced [HFrEF, EF < 50%] and preserved ejection fraction [HFpEF]) were assessed using Cox proportional hazards models. Results Among 5210 participants (mean age 75 years, 58% women), 2565 (49.2%) were identified as prefrail. In cross‐sectional analysis, prefrail individuals had a higher burden of chronic myocardial injury (troponin, Std β = 0.08 [0.05–0.10]) and neurohormonal stress (NT‐ProBNP, Std β = 0.03 [0.02–0.05]) after adjustment for potential confounders. Over a median follow‐up of 4.6 years, there were 232 (4.5%) HF events (HFrEF: 102; HFpEF: 97). Prefrailty was associated with an increased risk of HF after adjusting for potential clinical confounders and cardiac biomarkers (aHR [95% CI] = 1.65 [1.24–2.20]). Among HF subtypes, prefrailty was associated with an increased risk of HFpEF but not HFrEF (aHR [95% CI] = 1.73 [1.11–2.70] and 1.38 [0.90–2.10], respectively). A lower SPPB score was also associated with an increased risk of overall HF and HFpEF, but not HFrEF. Among individual components, increased gait speed were associated with a lower risk of HFpEF, but not HFrEF. Conclusions and relevance Subtle abnormalities in physiological reserve (prefrailty) and impairment in physical function (SPPB) were both significantly associated with a higher risk of incident HF, particularly HFpEF. These findings highlight the potential role of routine assessment of geriatric syndromes for early identification of HF risk.

Introduction: Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) is a mesenchymal cytokine linked to incident heart failure (HF), with recent data from our group showing a strong and independent association with HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Cardiac MRI (cMRI) allows for precise analysis of morphologic changes in left ventricular (LV) structure. Increasing LV mass and concentric remodeling (defined by an increasing mass:volume ratio) are imaging markers of HFpEF risk. Whether HGF is associated with adverse LV remodeling over time is unknown. Hypothesis: Higher HGF will be associated with increasing LV mass, decreasing LV volume and increasing mass:volume ratio over 10 yrs. Methods: We studied 4762 participants of the MESA cohort, free of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and HF at baseline, who completed both HGF measurement and cMRI at baseline. Participants with LV EF<50% were excluded. Of these, 2855 completed a 2 nd cMRI at 10 yrs. We examined the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of HGF and LV parameters using multivariable-adjusted linear mixed effect models. Results: The mean (SD) for age was 61 (10) yrs. Median (IQR) for HGF level was 888 pg/mL (745-1066); 53% women. At baseline, the 3 rd HGF tertile, compared to the 1 st , was associated with greater mass:volume ratio [relative difference 1.66 (0.43, 2.89)] and lower LV end diastolic volume [-1.87 mL (-3.45, -0.28)], after adjustment for CVD risk factors and NT- proBNP (model 2) [Table] . In longitudinal analysis, the 3 rd HGF tertile was also associated with increasing mass:volume ratio [difference in 10-yr change: 4.79 (2.73, 6.85)] and decreasing LV end diastolic volume [-4.97 (-7.10, -2.85)]. Conclusions: In a community cohort, higher HGF levels were independently associated with a concentric LV remodeling pattern of increasing mass:volume ratio and decreasing LV end diastolic volume over 10 yrs. This association may suggest an intermediate phenotype explaining the association of HGF with HFpEF risk.

Background Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with in‐hospital onset (AMI‐IHO) has poor prognosis but is clinically underappreciated. Whether its occurrence has changed over time is uncertain. Methods and Results Since 1987, the ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities) study has conducted adjudicated surveillance of AMI hospitalizations in 4 US communities. Our analysis was limited to patients aged 35 to 74 years with symptomatic AMI. Patients with symptoms initiating after hospital arrival were considered AMI‐IHO. A total of 26 678 weighted hospitalizations (14 276 unweighted hospitalizations) for symptomatic AMI were identified from 1995 to 2014, with 1137 (4%) classified as in‐hospital onset. The population incidence rate of AMI‐IHO increased in the 4 ARIC communities from 1995 through 2004 to 2005 through 2014 (12.7—16.9 events per 100 000 people; P for 20‐year trend <0.0001), as did the proportion of AMI hospitalizations with in‐hospital onset (3.7%–6.1%; P for 20‐year trend =0.03). The 10‐year proportions were stable for patients aged 35 to 64 years (3.0%–3.4%; P for 20‐year trend =0.3) but increased for patients aged ≥65 years (4.6%–7.8%; P for 20‐year trend =0.008; P for interaction by age group =0.04). AMI‐IHO had a more severe clinical course with lower use of AMI therapies or invasive strategies and higher in‐hospital (7% versus 3%), 28‐day (19% versus 5%), and 1‐year (29% versus 12%) mortality ( P< 0.0001 for all). Conclusions In this population‐based community surveillance, AMI‐IHO increased from 2005 to 2014, particularly among older patients. Quality initiatives to improve recognition and management of AMI‐IHO should be especially focused on hospitalized patients aged >65.

Background: Assessment of heterogeneity in meta-analyses is critical to ensure the consistency of pooled results. Therefore, we sought to assess the evaluation and reporting of heterogeneity in heart failure (HF) meta-analyses. Methods: Study level meta-analyses pertaining to HF were selected from January 2009 to July 2019, published in 11 high impact factor journals. We tabulated the overall proportion of the meta-analyses reporting statistical heterogeneity and specific metrics and methods employed to quantify and explore heterogeneity. Results: Of 126 HF meta-analyses (612 outcomes), heterogeneity was reported for 422 outcomes (68.9 %) in 108 meta-analyses. Out of the 422 outcomes reporting statistical heterogeneity, 137 outcomes (32.5%) had no observable heterogeneity: ( I 2 =0%), 40 outcomes (9.5%) had low heterogeneity ( I 2 <25%), 76 outcomes (18%) had moderate heterogeneity ( I 2 =25%–50%), and 169 outcomes (40%) had high heterogeneity ( I 2 >50%). Reporting of statistical heterogeneity was not significantly associated with year of publication, funding source, disclosure information, or the type of studies pooled. Sensitivity analysis (n=68) was the most common statistical technique employed to evaluate the source of heterogeneity followed by subgroup analyses (n=59) and meta-regression (n=40). Conclusions: Despite being an essential component of meta-analyses, heterogeneity was not reported for nearly 30% of outcomes and variably handled in contemporary HF meta-analyses. As meta-analyses increase across HF science, interpreting and handling of heterogeneity should be standardized.

Background— Current guidelines recommend surgical revascularization (coronary artery bypass graft [CABG]) over percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with diabetes mellitus and multivessel coronary artery disease. Few data are available describing revascularization patterns among these patients in the setting of non–ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction. Methods and Results— Using Acute Coronary Treatment and Intervention Outcomes Network Registry–Get with the Guidelines (ACTION Registry–GWTG), we compared the in-hospital use of different revascularization strategies (PCI versus CABG versus no revascularization) in diabetes mellitus patients with non–ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction who had angiography, demonstrating multivessel coronary artery disease between July 2008 and December 2014. Factors associated with use of CABG versus PCI were identified using logistic multivariable regression analyses. A total of 29 769 patients from 539 hospitals were included in the study, of which 10 852 (36.4%) were treated with CABG, 13 760 (46.2%) were treated with PCI, and 5157 (17.3%) were treated without revascularization. The overall use of revascularization increased over the study period with an increase in the proportion undergoing PCI (45% to 48.9%; P trend =0.0002) and no change in the proportion undergoing CABG (36.1% to 34.7%; p trend =0.88). There was significant variability between participating hospitals in the use of PCI and CABG (range: 22%–100%; 0%–78%, respectively; P value <0.0001 for both). Patient-level, but not hospital-level, characteristics were statistically associated with the use of PCI versus CABG, including anatomic severity of the disease, early treatment of adenosine diphosphate receptor antagonists at presentation, older age, female sex, and history of heart failure. Conclusions— Among patients with diabetes mellitus and multivessel coronary artery disease presenting with non–ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction, only one third undergo CABG during the index admission. Furthermore, the use of PCI, but not CABG, increased modestly over the past 6 years.