Ruzycki, Shannon Marie

Summary Peri‐operative risk estimation has traditionally focused on assessing the likelihood of postoperative morbidity and mortality using pre‐operative functional assessment. Although this strategy is currently recommended by most major society guidelines, contemporary evidence suggests that cardiac biomarker measurement has important advantages over pre‐operative functional assessment. These advantages include superior predictive discrimination and inclusion of the postoperative course in risk estimation. In this review, we provide an overview of the evidence supporting the peri‐operative utilisation, compare risk estimation methods and discuss which patients may benefit most from cardiac biomarker screening. We also discuss protocols for biomarker screening and management of patients with abnormal results.

Millennial students born between 1980 and 1999 are currently the most prevalent generation in medical schools. Understanding this generation of inspiring yet challenging learners is key to satisfying instructional interaction. Effective strategies for teaching millennial learners can be summarized with 5 R's: ensuring a relaxed learning environment, building rapport with learners, highlighting the relevance and rationale of learning objectives and assessments, and implementing research‐based educational methods. These strategies are exemplified by anatomists who relate (through platforms that encourage team‐based learning in a relaxed environment), resonate (by highlighting the relevance and rationale of basic science learning objectives and feedback strategies), and innovate (by adopting cutting edge, research‐proven technologies) within their curricula. Anatomists lead the way in effectively engaging, teaching and evaluating Millennial medical students in the 21st century. Broad application of these principles by other medical educators can further enhance Millennial education. Clin. Anat., 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.