Sacchi de Camargo Correia, Guilherme

In the rapidly evolving field of oncology, education and knowledge sharing have become essential aspects of oncology practice and must-needed tools to help patients conquer cancer. Oncology education is an art that needs to be mastered by applying scientific learning methods through structured frameworks into it, in order to have an impact. To effectively educate and share knowledge with oncology professionals, we propose following a “chain of education”. This chain consists of five links that are essential for creating a successful educational activity: “who”, “why”, “where”, “what”, and “how”. By following the “chain of education” through all links leading to the final key of how to educate, and guided by learning science principles, educators can optimize and enhance their teaching and knowledge-sharing skills and educate learners with more impact. Two common scenarios of medical education in oncology are the education of trainees and the education of community oncologists. In this article, we review them through the prism of the “chain of education”. We discuss how using effective learning science principles can guide small changes that lead to significant impacts in trainees' education and can also leverage social media platforms in the education of community oncologists. Alongside this described framework, we briefly review some available oncology education resources, and we discuss incorporating the “chain of education” into future technologies.

Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer, with nearly half of all patients diagnosed at an advanced stage. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) harness the host immune system to combat malignant cells. ICIs, which target programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), and cytotoxic T-cell lymphocyte-4 (CTLA-4), have transformed the treatment landscape for advanced NSCLC. While a subset of patients experiences a long-term durable response, most patients will develop disease progression. New drugs targeting novel pathways are being tested in clinical trials to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy and overcome resistance patterns. This review aims to summarize the currently available ICIs for advanced NSCLC and describe emerging immunotherapies with recently published data from phase I/II clinical trials.