Peters, Triinu

ABSTRACTObjectivePost‐operative development of restrictive eating disorders can occur in patients after bariatric surgery. In children and adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN) or atypical AN, premorbid body mass index (BMI) has recently been shown to predict total weight loss. We hypothesized that pre‐operative BMI similarly predicts weight loss and the development of a restrictive eating disorder in adult bariatric patients.MethodA PubMed search identified case studies/series of 29 adult females who developed AN or atypical AN/eating disorder not otherwise specified following bariatric surgery. Non‐parametric Spearman's correlation (r s ) between pre‐operative BMI and total weight loss was calculated; a scatterplot was used to illustrate the relationship between pre‐operative/premorbid BMI and weight loss in kg for 29 bariatric patients and 460 children and adolescents with AN or atypical AN as published previously.ResultsThe correlation between pre‐operative BMI and weight loss among bariatric patients was r s = 0.65 (p = 0.0001). Scatterplot data of this relationship fit the previously identified pattern in children and adolescents with AN or atypical AN.DiscussionThe prediction of weight loss by pre‐operative/premorbid BMI appears applicable across the weight spectrum, from underweight to severe obesity, thus strengthening our hypothesis of underlying regulatory mechanisms for the development of AN and atypical AN. Such data may guide the determination of critical weight loss thresholds that trigger eating disorder development in predisposed individuals.

Abstract Objective For adolescents, DSM‐5 differentiates anorexia nervosa (AN) and atypical AN with the 5th BMI‐centile‐for‐age. We hypothesized that the diagnostic weight cut‐off yields (i) lower weight loss in atypical AN and (ii) discrepant premorbid BMI distributions between the two disorders. Prior studies demonstrate that premorbid BMI predicts admission BMI and weight loss in patients with AN. We explore these relationships in atypical AN. Method Based on admission BMI‐centile < or ≥5th, participants included 411 female adolescent inpatients with AN and 49 with atypical AN from our registry study. Regression analysis and t ‐tests statistically addressed our hypotheses and exploratory correlation analyses compared interrelationships between weight loss, admission BMI, and premorbid BMI in both disorders. Results Weight loss in atypical AN was 5.6 kg lower than in AN upon adjustment for admission age, admission height, premorbid weight and duration of illness. Premorbid BMI‐standard deviation scores differed by almost one between both disorders. Premorbid BMI and weight loss were strongly correlated in both AN and atypical AN. Discussion Whereas the weight cut‐off induces discrepancies in premorbid weight and adjusted weight loss, AN and atypical AN overall share strong weight‐specific interrelationships that merit etiological consideration. Epidemiological and genetic associations between AN and low body weight may reflect a skewed premorbid BMI distribution. In combination with prior findings for similar psychological and medical characteristics in AN and atypical AN, our findings support a homogenous illness conceptualization. We propose that diagnostic subcategorization based on premorbid BMI, rather than admission BMI, may improve clinical validity. Public significance Because body weights of patients with AN must drop below the 5th BMI‐centile per DSM‐5, they will inherently require greater weight loss than their counterparts with atypical AN of the same sex, age, height and premorbid weight. Indeed, patients with atypical AN had a 5.6 kg lower weight loss after controlling for these variables. In comparison to the reference population, we found a lower and higher mean premorbid weight in patients with AN and atypical AN, respectively. Considering previous psychological and medical comparisons showing little differences between AN and atypical AN, we view a single disorder as the most parsimonious explanation. Etiological models need to particularly account for the strong relationship between weight loss and premorbid body weight.

Abstract Objective Anorexia nervosa (AN) and atypical AN are conceptualized as distinct illnesses, despite similar characteristics and sequelae. Whereas DSM‐5 differentiates youth with AN and atypical AN by the presence of clinical ‘underweight’ (i.e., 5th BMI percentile for age‐and‐sex (BMI%)), we hypothesized that using this weight cut‐off to discern diagnoses creates a skewed distribution for premorbid weight. Method Participants included hospitalized youth with AN ( n = 165, 43.1%) and atypical AN ( n = 218, 56.9%). Frequency analyses and chi‐square tests assessed the distribution of premorbid BMI z ‐scores (BMIz) for diagnosis. Non‐parametric Spearman correlations and Stepwise Linear regressions examined relationships between premorbid BMIz, admission BMIz, and weight loss in kg. Results Premorbid BMIz distributions differed significantly for diagnosis ( p < .001), with an underrepresentation of ‘overweight/obesity’ (i.e., BMI% ≥ 85th) in AN. Despite commensurate weight loss in AN and atypical AN, patients with premorbid ‘overweight/obesity’ were 8.31 times more likely to have atypical AN than patients with premorbid BMI% < 85th. Premorbid BMIz explained 57% and 39% of the variance in admission BMIz and weight loss, respectively. Discussion Findings support a homogenous model of AN and atypical AN, with weight loss predicted by premorbid BMI in both illnesses. Accordingly, premorbid BMI and weight loss (versus presenting BMI) may better denote the presence of an AN‐like phenotype across the weight spectrum. Findings also suggest that differentiating diagnoses with BMI% < 5th requires that youth with higher BMIs lose disproportionately more weight for an AN diagnosis. This is problematic given unique treatment barriers experienced in atypical AN. Public significance Anorexia nervosa (AN) and atypical AN are considered distinct conditions in youth, with differential diagnosis hinging upon a presenting weight status of ‘underweight’ (i.e., BMI percentile for age‐and‐sex (BMI%) < 5th). In our study, youth with premorbid ‘overweight/obesity’ (BMI% ≥ 85th) disproportionately remained above this threshold, despite similar weight loss. Coupled with prior evidence for commensurate characteristics and sequelae in both diagnoses, we propose that DSM‐5 differentiation of AN and atypical AN inadvertently reinforces weight stigma and may contribute to treatment disparities in atypical AN.