Bartley, George B.

ImportanceThe Ophthalmic Knowledge Assessment Program (OKAP) has been widely used to determine readiness to take the high-stakes Written Qualifying Examination (WQE). However, it is unclear how well OKAP performance can predict WQE outcomes.ObjectiveTo examine the association between the OKAP and WQE nationally.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis was a retrospective cohort study conducted from 2017 to 2022. This national data analysis included residents from ophthalmology residency programs in the US. Study data were analyzed June 2023 to December 2024.ExposuresOKAP and WQE data.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe national OKAP examination data and the WQE data were matched. Candidates who had complete data for the OKAP during postgraduate year (PGY) 2, 3, and 4 and completed the WQE were included in the study. Two-sample t tests, logistic regression analysis, receiver operating characteristic curves, and confusion matrix were used to examine the association of various test scores (PGY-2 OKAP, PGY-3 OKAP, PGY-4 OKAP, minimum OKAP, maximum OKAP, average OKAP) as predictors for WQE outcomes (pass or fail). Multiple logistic regression analyses were also used to assess the association of gender, time since graduation, program size, and WQE pass/fail outcomes.ResultsA total of 1597 residents (907 male [56.8%]) from 117 residency programs were included in this study. First-time pass rate of the WQE was 89% (1418 of 1597 residents). OKAP scores, particularly average OKAP, maximum OKAP, and PGY-4 OKAP scores (all had area under the curve = 0.88), were the most useful predictor of WQE outcomes. PGY-4 OKAP scores were used for the rest of the analysis for simplicity. A PGY-4 OKAP scaled score of 550 corresponded to 94% of candidates passing the WQE. Using PGY-4 OKAP scores to predict passing/failing, the WQE had 90.7% accuracy. Gender (odds ratio [OR], 1.50; 95% CI, 1.01-2.26; P = .048), program size (OR, 1.55; 95% CI, 0.98-2.41; P = .06), and time since residency graduation (OR, 1.00; 95% CI, 1.00-1.00; P = .14) were not included in the logistic regression model investigating the association of PGY-4 OKAP scores with the likelihood of passing the WQE.Conclusions and RelevanceResults suggest that OKAP examination scores were associated with passing the WQE after adjusting for program size, gender, and time since residency graduation. Further analyses may be warranted to predict failing the WQE so that potential interventions can be attempted.

Purpose: This study investigates how Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) affects the outcomes of ptosis repair. We hypothesized that patients with OSA have an increased rate of reoperation after ptosis repair. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included patients age >18 from the Mayo Clinic who underwent ptosis repair by levator advancement or Müller muscle-conjunctiva resection between 2018 and 2021. Outcomes were measured at 1 to 3 months of follow-up with surgical failure defined as asymmetry or unsatisfactory eyelid height requiring revision surgery within 1 year. Results: A total of 577 patients met the inclusion criteria. There was a statistically significant difference in surgical failure between patients with OSA and those without (20.5% vs. 13.1%, p = 0.02). Patients with OSA showed a statistically significant difference in risk of revision by a factor of 1.70 (95% CI: 1.06–2.07). Revisions were attributed to unsatisfactory eyelid height in 72.6% of patients and eyelid asymmetry in 21.1%. All patients who had revision surgery had satisfactory outcomes. On logistic regression analysis, when adjusting for age and sex, OSA was significantly associated with ptosis revision (p = 0.007). Conclusions: OSA increases risk of surgical failure and need for revision surgery in patients undergoing blepharoptosis repair but is not a sole risk factor.

ImportanceWomen remain underrepresented in ophthalmology and gender-based disparities exist in salary, grant receipt, publication rates, and surgical volume throughout training and in practice. Although studies in emergency medicine and general surgery showed mixed findings regarding gender differences in Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) Milestones ratings, limited data exist examining such differences within ophthalmology.ObjectiveTo examine gender differences in ophthalmology ACGME Milestones.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis was a retrospective cross-sectional study of postgraduate year 4 (PGY-4) residents from 120 ophthalmology programs graduating in 2019.Main Outcomes and MeasuresPGY-4 midyear and year-end medical knowledge (MK) and patient care (PC) ratings and Written Qualifying Examination (WQE) scaled scores for residents graduating in 2019 were included. Differential prediction techniques using Generalized Estimating Equations models were performed to identify differences by gender.ResultsOf 452 residents (median [IQR] age, 30.0 [29.0-32.0] years), 275 (61%) identified as men and 177 (39%) as women. There were no differences in PC domain average between women and men for both midyear (−0.07; 95% CI, −0.11 to 0; P =.06) and year-end (−0.04; 95% CI, −0.07 to 0.03; P =.51) assessment periods. For the MK domain average in the midyear assessment period, women (mean [SD], 3.76 [0.50]) were rated lower than men (mean [SD], 3.88 [0.47]; P = .006) with a difference in mean of −0.12 (95% CI, −0.18 to −0.03). For the year-end assessment, however, the average MK ratings were not different for women (mean [SD], 4.10 [0.47]) compared with men (mean [SD], 4.18 [0.47]; P = .20) with a difference in mean of −0.08 (95% CI, −0.13 to 0.03).Conclusions and RelevanceResults suggest that ACGME ophthalmology Milestones in 2 general competencies did not demonstrate major gender bias on a national level at the time of graduation. There were, however, differences in MK ratings at the midyear mark, and as low ratings on evaluations and examinations may adversely affect career opportunities for trainees, it is important to continue further work examining other competencies or performance measures for potential biases.