Fan, Joline M.

Neuromodulation is becoming a common treatment strategy for patients with drug-resistant epilepsy who are not candidates for resective surgery. Responsive neurostimulation can effectively reduce seizure burden, however it remains unclear which neural signals are most important for triggered stimulation. Furthermore, the high-dimensional parameter space remains systematically underexamined. As more patients become candidates for neurostimulation, clinical teams will need to decide on the optimal site and stimulation program for therapeutic neuromodulation. In this review, we highlight how recent insight into the biological rhythms of epilepsy may pair with personalization protocols in the emerging field of neuropsychiatric neuromodulation. Finally, we discuss future directions for epilepsy neuromodulation, specifically how machine learning can offer clinical teams actionable feedback on neuromodulation efficacy.