Ani, Omar

Background: One of the most troublesome complications of acute pericarditis is recurrence. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and colchicine form the cornerstone treatment, with the addition of steroids in cases of incomplete response. Recent evidence also suggests a role for interleukin-1 (IL-1) antagonists in challenging cases of recurrence. However, with an increasing number of potential therapies, our study aims to examine the relative efficacy of these anti-inflammatory treatments for recurrent pericarditis risk reduction. Methods: We searched Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials in October 2023. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and prospective cohort studies of patients with pericarditis treated with a drug with anti-inflammatory properties compared with those treated with a control. The main outcome evaluated was pericarditis recurrence. Results: A total of 6,831 studies were screened, of which 25 articles were included (14 RCTs and 11 cohort studies) for a total number of patients of 3,561. The mean age across studies was 54.82 years for adults and 9.04 years for children (females = 40.55%). The average follow-up duration was 20.03 months. Bayesian network meta-analysis was performed to calculate risk estimates using a random effects model (Figure 1). Goflikicept, a fusion protein that neutralizes IL-1, showed a significant reduction in recurrent pericarditis rates (OR: 0.00, 95% Credible Limits [Crl]: 0.00-0.08). Similarly, anakinra (OR: 0.01, 95% Crl: 0.00-0.13), rilonacept (OR: 0.02, 95% Crl: 0.00-0.22) and colchicine (OR: 0.35, 95% Crl: 0.19-0.64) were associated with a significant reduction in recurrent pericarditis events. High dose colchicine (OR: 0.70, 95% Crl: 0.13-4.12) was not superior to regular dose colchicine (1 mg vs 0.6 mg twice daily, respectively). Interestingly, there was not enough data to make a meaningful comparison between steroids and control. Conclusion: In our analysis, goflikicept, rilonacept, and anakinra were most effective at reducing recurrent pericarditis rates. However, the evidence is based on a small number of studies. Our analysis also corroborated evidence regarding the efficacy of colchicine in reducing pericarditis recurrence. For a comprehensive analysis of the benefits and harms of anti-inflammatory therapies, larger comparative studies or network meta-analyses of patient-level data are required.