Hajja, Amro

Abstract Endothelial dysfunction can be regarded as the earliest feature of vascular aging and may occur in individuals without traditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Once present, endothelial dysfunction is known to increase the risk for atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases and complications such as stroke or death. Identification of individuals with early features of vascular aging remains challenging and has fuelled investigative efforts to associated biologic, imaging, and digital markers with endothelial dysfunction. This review highlights emerging and traditional methods to identify patients with early endothelial dysfunction and summarizes available and experimental therapies aimed at mitigating the vascular aging process.