Understanding the evolution of clinical tools and models of care is fundamental to advancing the field of epilepsy. The 2025 American Epilepsy Society Annual Course examined the expanding spectrum of epilepsy care through the integration of multispecialty collaboration, innovative diagnostic modalities, and surgical and nonsurgical therapeutic interventions. The course underscored significant global advancements in epilepsy research and practice. This comprehensive review synthesizes key educational insights from the program, offering a critical perspective on the ongoing transformation of epilepsy care.
The Intersection of Menopause and Epilepsy: A Review of Current Knowledge and Gaps
While hormonal changes have been recognised to influence seizure control and have been studied in association with menstrual cycles and pregnancy, there is a paucity of data on the menopause transition in epilepsy. Given the known effects of sex steroid hormones on neuronal excitability, their endogenous fluctuations during perimenopause, as well as menopause hormone treatments, may alter seizure control. Epilepsy may also be associated with premature ovarian insufficiency and early menopause. This is especially important for epilepsy-related comorbidities, for which menopause can constitute a second hit, such as osteoporosis. Additional considerations for females with epilepsy across the menopause continuum include changes in antiseizure medication clearance and potential interactions with menopausal hormone therapy or other concomitant medications. This comprehensive review summarises the currently available literature on epilepsy and menopause, highlights gaps in knowledge, and underscores the need for research efforts, particularly longitudinal studies investigating the menopause transition.