Kumar, B.

Abstract Introduction: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) exacerbations increase inflammation, immobilization, and thrombotic risk, leading to a higher incidence of pulmonary embolism (PE). This study evaluates the incidence and risk of PE in patients with acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD) compared to those without exacerbations. Methodology: This retrospective cohort study utilized data from 94 healthcare organizations, identifying two cohorts: patients with AECOPD and those without exacerbations. Inclusion was based on ICD-10-CM codes, and individuals with malignancies, coagulation disorders, or prior PE were excluded. Propensity score matching was performed to balance the cohorts on demographics, clinical characteristics, and medications. The primary outcome was PE incidence, analyzed using risk differences, risk ratios, odds ratios, and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis to evaluate mortality outcomes associated with PE. Results: After matching, both cohorts comprised 174,345 patients each. The mean age was approximately 73 years, with a slight female predominance (49.0% in AECOPD vs. 49.3% in non-AECOPD). The incidence of PE was significantly higher in the AECOPD cohort (15%) compared to the non-AECOPD cohort (8%) (p < 0.001). Specifically, 2,162 patients (1.3%) in the AECOPD cohort developed PE, compared to 1,467 patients (0.9%) in the non-AECOPD cohort. The risk difference was 0.004 (95% CI: 0.003, 0.005; p < 0.001). The risk ratio for PE in the AECOPD cohort was 1.477 (95% CI: 1.382, 1.577), and the odds ratio was 1.483 (95% CI: 1.387, 1.585). Survival analysis revealed a probability of 95.23% in the AECOPD cohort and 97.15% in the non-AECOPD cohort, with significant differences (χ² = 153.746, df = 1, p < 0.001). The hazard ratio for mortality associated with PE was 1.517 (95% CI: 1.419, 1.621). Conclusion: Patients with AECOPD have a significantly higher incidence of pulmonary embolism compared to those without exacerbations. PE is often overlooked in AECOPD patients due to the overlap in clinical symptoms, making timely diagnosis and treatment challenging. This can result in delayed management and poor outcomes. Therefore, it is crucial to enhance understanding of the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of COPD complicated by PE to improve diagnostic accuracy, ensure timely intervention, and optimize patient prognosis.

Abstract Introduction: Obesity's increasing prevalence significantly impacts Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patient outcomes, especially for those requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation. This study investigates the effect of Body Mass Index (BMI) on mortality and complications—such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), pulmonary embolism (PE), and deep vein thrombosis (DVT)—in ICU patients intubated for over 96 hours. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the TriNetX database to identify patient populations with relevant ICD codes. Patients who had received anticoagulation and had been on mechanical ventilation for more than 96 hours were included. Cohort 1 consisted of patients with a BMI of 30-44.9 kg/m² (n = 70,379), and Cohort 2 included patients with a BMI of 18.5-29.9 kg/m² (n = 111,054). Both cohorts were matched using propensity score matching (PSM), resulting in balanced groups of 47,233 patients. The mean age was 64.3 ± 15.1 years in Cohort 1 and 64.5 ± 16.5 years in Cohort 2, with a male predominance of 57.9% in both cohorts after matching. Outcomes (mortality, PE, DVT, and ARDS) were identified using ICD-10 codes and analyzed on Days 14, 30, and 90. Results: Higher BMI was associated with increased all-cause mortality across all measured time points. By Day 14, mortality was 23.0% in Cohort 1 versus 19.2% in Cohort 2 (RiskRatio [RR]: 1.196; 95% CI: 1.166-1.226). By Day 90, mortality reached 37.6% in Cohort 1 compared to 32.6% in Cohort 2 (RR: 1.151; 95% CI: 1.132-1.171). Additionally, the risk of developing ARDS was higher in Cohort 1, with statistically significant risk ratios observed on Day 14 (RR: 1.117; 95% CI: 1.020-1.222) and Day 30 (RR: 1.094; 95%CI: 1.010-1.186). PE risk in Cohort 1 significantly increased by Day 30 (RR: 1.119; 95% CI: 1.008-1.243), while DVT risk was also elevated in Cohort 1 at both Day 14 (RR:1.140; 95% CI: 1.037-1.253) and Day 30 (RR: 1.129; 95% CI: 1.040-1.224). Conclusion: Higher BMI in mechanically ventilated ICU patients intubated for more than 96 hours is associated with increased mortality and a higher incidence of complications, including ARDS, PE, and DVT. This study contributes to our understanding of BMI's impact on ICU outcomes, highlighting critical areas for improved clinical management in this population and the need for targeted interventions in obese ICU patients, such as optimized respiratory support and monitoring for thromboemboliccomplications.