Valdes‐Camacho, Sofia

ABSTRACT Airway perforation is a potentially lethal complication from tracheal or mediastinal malignancies that require complex management. Advanced thyroid cancer is known to have high morbidity, and patients with tracheal metastatic lesions are vulnerable to injury. Therapeutic management typically comprises a combination of surgical and nonoperative treatment modalities, whose adverse effects can lead to significant airway injury. We present the case of a 67‐year‐old man with papillary thyroid carcinoma who developed a tracheocutaneous fistula following proton beam therapy and chemotherapy for metastatic disease. Airway repair and recanalization were successfully achieved through a combined surgical and bronchoscopic approach.

ABSTRACTAlthough current treatment strategies for nonmalignant airway stenosis may offer short‐term relief, their effectiveness is limited by high recurrence rates, often requiring additional procedures. While paclitaxel‐coated balloons (PCB) have demonstrated effectiveness in treating stenosis across various vascular and nonvascular conditions, their evidence in recurrent airway stenosis remains limited. Here, we present the case of a 35‐year‐old female with bronchial stenosis who underwent multiple bronchoscopic interventions, all of which were complicated by restenosis. Following the addition of a PCB to the therapeutic regimen, the patient achieved sustained airway patency.

Abstract Introduction Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease involves an unregulated inflammatory process that leads to the destruction and remodeling of lung architecture, potentially resulting in air-filled lesions known as bullae. We outline a novel technique for transbronchial decompression of a bulla using robotic-assisted bronchoscopy (RAB) in a patient with intraparenchymal emphysematous bullae. Case Description A 74-year-old woman with a medical history significant for COPD, Sjögren's disease, and former smoker, presented to our outpatient clinic with progressively worsening exertional dyspnea over the past two years. The patient underwent a thymectomy for thymic hyperplasia where a right middle bulla was incidentally identified. Posterior bullectomy was not performed intraoperatively due to severe pleural adhesions and the high risk of lung injury during dissection. High-resolution chest computed tomography revealed diffuse subpleural bullous changes, with asymmetric high-attenuation mural foci in several cysts (Figure 1A), with a total volume of 124.11 cm3. Given the high surgical risk, a bronchoscopic approach was decided. Bullae needle aspiration was performed under RAB guidance. Decompression was accomplished using PleurX catheter drainage (Pleur-Evac, Telfex, USA). The connection between the robot and the drainage system utilized a 3-way stopcock (Merit Medical Systems, USA) and a 30 cm vinyl connecting tube (Cook Incorporated, USA). Suction through water seal suction was performed at 20mmHg for 5 min, during which we observed bullae reduction with live intraprocedural mobile CT images. The robot was then retracted, and a 4.0 mm Zephyr endobronchial valve was deployed in the superior segment of the right middle lobe to promote atelectasis, no immediate complications were reported. Post-procedural chest CT demonstrated a significant reduction in bullae size as shown in Figure 1B. At the one-month follow-up, chest X-ray imaging revealed increased atelectasis and persistent collapse in the previously identified area of cystic change. By the two-month follow-up, pulmonary function tests indicated nonspecific ventilatory impairment, with improvements in FEV1% (from 70.5% to 78.2%) and FVC% (from 80.5% to 90.2% of the predicted values). Subsequent follow-ups have demonstrated clinical improvement in the patient's symptoms. Conclusion We contribute to the literature by introducing a novel, non-invasive technique for managing bullae with RAB in patients who are not candidates for surgery. Further studies are warranted to standardize this technique and assess its broader applicability. Figure 1. High-resolution computed tomography showing pre- and post-procedure views of the bullae. (A) Coronal and sagittal views showing the right middle lobe bullae. (66x81mm) (B) Post-procedure view of the chest HRCT (17x29 mm)

Abstract Background: Expiratory central airway collapse (ECAC) is defined by excessive inward bulging of either posterior tracheobronchial membrane or anterolateral cartilage. ECAC commonly coexists with COPD, asthma, GERD, and obstructive sleep apnea. ECAC association with bronchiectasis is yet to be documented. Common conditions leading to bronchiectasis are obstructive lung diseases predisposing to recurrent infections, cystic fibrosis, COPD, or idiopathic. This study aims to evaluate the occurrence of bronchiectasis in patients with ECAC as the primary outcome and the correlation between the severity of bronchiectasis and the severity of ECAC as a secondary outcome. Methods: A retrospective single-center study evaluated patients diagnosed with ECAC using dynamic bronchoscopy in Mayo Clinic, Florida, from June 2019 to December 2020. Radiologists analyzed dynamic, or non-contrast chest computed tomography (CT) scans to evaluate the presence of bronchiectatic changes and the prevalence of bronchiectasis in this population. Bronchiectatic changes were documented using the Brody scoring system which recorded the bronchiectasis size, extent and tree in bud appearance in individual lobes. The final score had a range from 0 to 72. The bronchiectasis scores for individual lung lobes were analyzed to interpret distribution of bronchiectasis in ECAC population. The combined bronchiectasis scores of severe ECAC and non-severe ECAC cohorts were compared to assess if severe ECAC had higher bronchiectatic involvement. Results: Out of the 166 patients diagnosed with ECAC through dynamic bronchoscopy, 133 patients (80.1%) presented bronchiectatic changes in their CT scans. Of the 59 patients with severe ECAC, 51 patients (86.4%) were diagnosed with bronchiectasis. Of the 107 patients with non-severe ECAC, 82 (76.6 %) had bronchiectasis. The mean bronchiectasis scores are greater in right and left lower lobes, followed by middle lobes. The median values between severe and non-severe ECAC were 3 and 3 respectively with a p value of 0.34. The inter quartile range was 9 in severe ECAC group and 6 in non-severe ECAC (graph 1). Discussion: The outcomes of this study showed a significant presence of bronchiectatic changes in the ECAC population, implying the importance of evaluating for other pathologies. It can signify a pathological process similar to other pathologies which predispose to recurrent infections except for cystic fibrosis, which has an upper lobe involvement. The correlation of severity between ECAC and bronchiectasis requires more studies with a larger cohort for significant outcomes.

ABSTRACTEndobronchial valves have a variety of potential applications, from lung volume reduction in patients with severe emphysema to closing cavities in those with drug‐resistant tuberculosis. This report presents two cases in which endobronchial valves were effectively used to treat pneumomediastinum.

ABSTRACTBronchial dehiscence is a known complication following lung transplantation. In cases involving extensive airway necrosis and air leaks, bronchoscopic placement of self‐expanding metallic stents provides an effective and safe management strategy. These stents facilitate granulation and tissue reepithelialization. We present a case of bronchial anastomotic dehiscence size mismatch after a lung transplant. This complication was successfully managed using three stents placed via a telescoping technique with flexible bronchoscopy.

ABSTRACTRobotic‐assisted bronchoscopy (RAB) has improved lung nodule evaluation, but its feasibility to biopsy aortopulmonary lymph nodes remains underexplored. This study explored the safety and effectiveness of RAB for sampling aortopulmonary lymph nodes suspected of malignancy. We conducted a literature review on RAB for aortopulmonary lymph node biopsy and present a case of a patient with a history of malignancy. Using the Ion Endoluminal System, we navigated to the anterior segment of the left upper lobe to access a subaortic lymph node in a patient with a history of mantle cell lymphoma. Biopsy confirmed disease recurrence. Our literature review identified seven patients who underwent RAB to assess aortopulmonary lymph nodes, with most findings showing small‐cell lung cancer. Our study reports an 88% diagnostic yield, and no complications associated with the procedure. RAB is a safe and effective approach for biopsying aortopulmonary lymph nodes.