Belete, Hewan A.

Cell wounding and repair are important drivers of the innate immune response of ventilator‐injured lungs. Cells repair plasma membrane (PM) wounds by several mechanisms including non‐secretory exocytosis and it is therefore not surprising that extra‐cellular ATP, a secretagogue, enhances PM repair. Neither the responsible purinergic receptor sub‐type nor the downstream signaling pathways have been identified. Expression of P2Y2R in A549 cells was validated by immunocytochemistry and immunoblot experiments using anti‐P2Y2R (Chemicon). Confluent A549 cells were incubated with the P2Y2 antagonist Suramin (400μM), ATP (50ìM) or ATP hydrolase Apyrase (20U/ml) and stretched by 30% at 8 cycles/min for 5 min. 2 min later, the cells were labeled with Propidium Iodide (PI; 4μl/ml), trypsinized and subjected to flow cytometry. PI + cells were considered wounded and necrotic. Pretreatment of A549 cells with Suramin showed a significantly higher fraction of PI + cells compared to controls (47 ± 9 % vs 22 ± 5%, p<0.05), while the addition of extracellular ATP appeared to promote PM wound repair (6± 1%, p<0.01). In contrast, pretreatment with apyrase did not significantly alter the number of necrotic cells (26 ± 6%) Our results suggest that ATP promotes PM wound repair by a P2Y2R dependent mechanism. The Apyrase data raises the possibility that ATP metabolites may also modulate PM repair. Support HL63178

Once excess liquid gains access to air spaces of an injured lung, the act of breathing creates and destroys foam and thereby contributes to the wounding of epithelial cells by interfacial stress. Since cells are not elastic continua, but rather complex network structures composed of solid as well as liquid elements, we hypothesize that plasma membrane (PM) wounding is preceded by a phase separation, which results in blebbing. We postulate that interventions such as a hypertonic treatment increase adhesive PM-cytoskeletal (CSK) interactions, thereby preventing blebbing as well as PM wounds. We formed PM tethers in alveolar epithelial cells and fibroblasts and measured their retractive force as readout of PM-CSK adhesive interactions using optical tweezers. A 50-mOsm increase in media osmolarity consistently increased the tether retractive force in epithelial cells but lowered it in fibroblasts. The osmo-response was abolished by pretreatment with latrunculin, cytochalasin D, and calcium chelation. Epithelial cells and fibroblasts were exposed to interfacial stress in a microchannel, and the fraction of wounded cells were measured. Interventions that increased PM-CSK adhesive interactions prevented blebbing and were cytoprotective regardless of cell type. Finally, we exposed ex vivo perfused rat lungs to injurious mechanical ventilation and showed that hypertonic conditioning reduced the number of wounded subpleural alveolus resident cells to baseline levels. Our observations support the hypothesis that PM-CSK adhesive interactions are important determinants of the cellular response to deforming stress and pave the way for preclinical efficacy trials of hypertonic treatment in experimental models of acute lung injury.