Eide, Jacob G.

ABSTRACT Objectives Odontogenic sinusitis (ODS) refers to purulent sinusitis caused by infectious maxillary dental pathologies, with > 90% occurring unilaterally. While various clinical features suggest ODS, diagnosing some ODS patients can be challenging. This study aimed to determine the value of maxillary sinus papillary edema (MSPE) in predicting ODS. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted on patients who underwent at least maxillary antrostomy for unilateral sinus disease (USD). Adequately powered samples of three USD cohorts were generated: ODS, infectious maxillary CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP), and noninfectious CRSwNP. Multiple variables were collected, but the primary outcome was MSPE presence via double‐blinded endoscopic image review by three rhinologists. Inter‐rater agreement was calculated, and a predictive model for MSPE was generated. Results Of 41 ODS, 22 infectious CRSsNP, and 13 noninfectious CRSwNP patients, mean age was 57.0 years and 55.3% were female. There was almost perfect agreement between rhinologists when assessing for MSPE on endoscopic images ( κ = 0.927). MSPE was seen in 100% of ODS, 22.7% infectious CRSsNP, and 0% CRSwNP. MSPE was significantly more likely in ODS compared to non‐odontogenic CRS ( p < 0.0001), demonstrating 100% sensitivity and 89.1% specificity for ODS, with 85.7% positive and 100% negative predictive values. Conclusions MSPE is a distinct finding that is reliably identifiable and is significantly more likely in ODS compared to infectious CRSsNP and noninfectious CRSwNP. With 100% sensitivity and NPV, MSPE absence makes ODS very unlikely. With 86% PPV, MSPE is not pathognomonic for ODS, but should arouse suspicion for a possible odontogenic source. Level of Evidence 3.

ABSTRACTObjectiveIntrathecal fluorescein (IF) is effective for localizing nasal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks along the skull base during endoscopic exploration, with largest studies reporting sensitivities ranging from 66%–93%. Due to reports of intraoperative and postoperative neurologic complications such as seizures and paralysis, surgeons often dilute the fluorescein and inject it intrathecally slowly over a variable amount of time. However, no study has assessed whether rapid IF administration causes the aforementioned risks or whether it affects its accuracy in identifying CSF leaks intraoperatively.MethodsA prospective study was conducted from 2015 to 2024, where all patients undergoing endoscopic exploration and/or repair of CSF rhinorrhea had 0.1 mL of 10% fluorescein (10 mg) mixed with 3–5 mL of patients' CSF injected rapidly via the lumbar drain over a few seconds.ResultsOf the 82 included patients, the mean age was 53.8 ± 15.2 years, and 84% were female. Sixty‐nine patients underwent successful endoscopic CSF leak repairs, and 13 had negative endoscopic explorations. Rapid IF injection was 80% sensitive (20% false negative rate) and 100% specific for identifying CSF leaks, and it caused no seizures, paralysis, or other neurologic complications.ConclusionCompared to prior reports of slow low‐dose IF injection for CSF leak localization, rapid IF injection yielded similar efficacy (80% sensitivity) with no IF‐related complications. Rapid IF injection was safe and effective but should be corroborated by future studies.Level of Evidence4.

ABSTRACTBackgroundOlfactory neuroblastoma (ONB) is a rare sinonasal malignancy primarily treated with surgery. For tumors arising from the olfactory area, traditional treatment involves transcribriform resection of the anterior cranial fossa. Surgery can be performed with unilateral or bilateral resection depending on extent of involvement; however, there are currently no studies comparing outcomes between the two.MethodsProspective and retrospective data on primary ONB patients were collected from a multicenter registry involving eight academic sites. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to create patient cohorts with similar baseline characteristics. Cox proportional hazards and Kaplan Meier analyses assessed overall survival (OS). Logistic regression assessed associations between extent of resection (unilateral versus bilateral) and tumor recurrence or postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak.ResultsA total of 187 ONB patients (47.6% female) with an average age of 53.6 ± 15.1 years were analyzed. Most tumors were unilateral (81.3%) and predominantly Kadish C (58.3%) or Hyams II (55.8%). Overall, 56.7% of patients underwent bilateral resection. Fifty‐four patients experienced tumor recurrence and nine had postoperative CSF leaks. Following PSM (n = 45/group), extent of resection was not associated with mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 1.73; p = 0.407) or OS (p = 0.400). There was no association between extent of resection and recurrence (odds ratio [OR] 0.90; p = 0.814) or postoperative CSF leak (OR 1.54; p = 0.647).ConclusionsFor ONB tumors where unilateral resection may be feasible and oncologically sound, the decision for unilateral versus bilateral resection showed no significant effect on survival, recurrence, or postoperative CSF leak. Oncologic outcomes may be comparable when resection is tailored to individual patient and tumor characteristics.

Background Sinonasal mucosal melanoma has poor survival despite multimodality treatment. While the impact of immunotherapy (IT) on metastatic cutaneous melanoma is well-defined, there are relatively little data on sinonasal mucosal melanoma. Objective We sought to define immunotherapy outcomes in patients with sinonasal mucosal melanoma. Methods A retrospective cohort study evaluated patients treated with IT during their overall treatment strategy for SNMM. Patient demographics, treatment, and survival outcomes were recorded. Results 52 patients had IT treatment for SNMM from 2000 to 2022, with an average age of 69.1 ± 11.9 years. The most common treatment was surgery with radiation and IT ( n = 26, 50%). Most regimens consisted of a combination of Nivolumab and Ipilimumab ( n = 17, 32.7%) or pembrolizumab ( n = 14, 26.9%). 44.2% of patients experienced reported complications. Overall survival at 1-, 2-, and 5 years was 86.9%, 74.1%, and 39.1%, respectively. Conclusion Approximately half of patients will have a local response following immunotherapy, but it is rare to have improvement at metastatic locations. Further research within our group will assess optimal timing and markers that are predictive of response.

IntroductionUnilateral sphenoid sinus opacification on computed tomography is caused by a variety of pathologies including inflammatory and infectious sinusitis, benign and malignant tumors, and encephaloceles. The purpose of this study was to report craniofacial pain locations and outcomes in inflammatory unilateral sphenoid sinusitis (USS) patients who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS).MethodsA multi‐institutional retrospective cohort study was conducted on all adult patients who had ESS for USS from 2015 to 2022. Patient demographics, presenting symptoms and nasal endoscopy findings, extent of surgical dissection, and craniofacial pain locations and outcomes were recorded. Exclusion criteria included age <18 years, non‐inflammatory etiology, immunodeficiency, invasive fungal sinusitis, lack of follow‐up, lack of preoperative pain location, and neoplasia. Descriptive statistics were calculated.ResultsOf 57 patients with USS, 44 (77.2%) reported craniofacial pain at one or more locations. Retrobulbar (n = 19, 43.2%) was the most common pain location followed by frontal (n = 17, 38.6%) and occipital (n = 10, 22.7%). Surgical intervention resulted in pain resolution in 33/44 patients (75%), with a mean follow‐up of 83.7 (±97.8) days. There were no significant associations between presenting symptoms, imaging findings, endoscopy, surgical extent, or final pathology and the presence or resolution of facial pain (p > 0.05).ConclusionIn USS patients, the most common craniofacial pain locations were retrobulbar, occipital, and frontal, with a minority being vertex. Based on short‐term follow‐up, ESS resolved the craniofacial pain in 75% of cases. There were no clinical variables that predicted the presence or resolution of craniofacial pain.Level of Evidence4 Laryngoscope, 135:1915–1919, 2025

Abstract Objective Pituitary apoplexy (PA) is a rare condition caused by hemorrhage or infarction of the pituitary gland with associated risk of cranial neuropathies, endocrinopathies, and even death. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been shown to have some association with pituitary apoplexy, however, large‐scale studies have not been performed. Methods A retrospective cohort study of subjects greater than 18 years of age was performed using the national TriNetX database. The general population was first compared with those undergoing treatment for PA to compare general demographics and incidence of HIV. The PA cohort was then substratified by HIV status and propensity matched by age and sex to evaluate differences in visual outcomes and endocrine metrics. Using the diagnosis of pituitary apoplexy as an index event, the rate of HIV diagnosis at the time of presentation or in the three months following treatment was calculated. Two‐tailed, unpaired t ‐tests were performed. Results A total 2066 patients were identified (902 HIV, 1158 controls). Those with HIV showed an increased rate of pituitary apoplexy (odds ratio [OR]: 19.8) versus healthy adults and were more likely to be younger and male. Among patients treated for pituitary apoplexy, patients with HIV were more likely to have increased thyroid stimulating hormone, reduced T 4 , and increased prolactin compared with healthy controls. There were no significant differences in visual outcomes between HIV positive and control patients. Importantly, 74% of patients did not carry a diagnosis of HIV on presentation but were diagnosed at the time of or in the three months following treatment for pituitary apoplexy. Conclusions Diagnosis and treatment of pituitary apoplexy shows a high rate of concurrent or subsequent diagnosis of HIV. Screening for HIV should be considered in patients undergoing treatment for pituitary apoplexy.

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate recurrence patterns and survival after recurrence among patients with sinonasal mucosal melanoma (SNMM).MethodsThis was a multi‐institutional retrospective review from seven U.S. institutions of patients with SNMM from 1991 to 2022. Recurrence was categorized as local, regional, distant, or multifocal. Kaplan‐Meier tests were used to evaluate disease‐free survival (DFS), overall survival (OS), and post‐recurrence survival (PRS) reported with standard errors (SE) and log‐rank testing used for comparison. Cox‐regression was further used, with hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) reported.ResultsAmong 196 patients with SNMM, there were 146 patients with recurrence (74.5%). Among all patients, 60‐month DFS (SE) was 15.5% (2.9%), 60‐month OS (SE) was 44.7% (3.7%), mean age ± standard deviation at diagnosis was 69.7 ± 12.5 years, and 54.6% were female. In 26 patients who underwent primary treatment of the neck, 60‐month DFS did not differ from no treatment (p > 0.05). Isolated distant recurrence was most common (42.8%), followed by local (28.3%), multifocal (20.7%), and regional recurrence (8.3%). Among patients with regional recurrence in the neck, there was no 60‐month PRS benefit for patients undergoing salvage neck dissection or radiation (p > 0.05). Among patients with distant recurrence, only immunotherapy was associated with improved 12‐month PRS (HR = 0.32, 95% CI = 0.11–0.92, p = 0.034), and no treatment group was associated with improved 24‐ or 60‐month PRS (p > 0.05).ConclusionSNMM is associated with a high recurrence rate and poor survival. Primary treatment of the neck was not associated with reduced recurrence, and immunotherapy for treatment of distant recurrence was associated with increased 12‐month PRS.