Asura, Nggada Haruna

Abstract Prostate cancer (CaP) significantly affects black men causing highermortality rates especially within African and Caribbean countries. The Prostate Cancer Transatlantic Consortium (CaPTC) is a 10 year longitudinal study aimed at studying environmental, epidemiological and prostate cancer associated risk factors within black men of West African descent living in the United States (US), Cameroon, and Nigeria. Methods: Men ages 35- 70 years old, who identified as a US Black male or West African Black male immigrant in the US, were recruited from community-based organizations. Community- based organizations include local churches, health fairs and socialorganizations. Anthropometric, environmental, and epidemiological variables measures were collected via survey questions. Saliva samples were collected using Salimetrics. Mean and range from the survey questions were categorized and a logistical regression model was used to determine associations between variables. Results: Logistical analysis output for analysis of pesticide exposure and cancer diagnosis within the three countries, found participants in Nigeria who were exposed to pesticide use, to be a significant predictor of cancer diagnosis (p 0.013). The age of exposure was another variable analyzed to see whether there was a correlation between age of exposure in pesticide use and cancer diagnosis. No significant predictors were determined yet a reasoning to why a significance is not yet found could be due to many participants needing a closer examination into the consequences of early exposure to known carcinogens. Conclusion: Significant data was found between pesticide exposure and cancer diagnosis between the US, Cameroon, and Nigeria in West African Black men. Regarding age of pesticide exposure and the relation between cancer diagnosis, more data needs to be collected regarding these variables. Significance in determining pesticide use as a predictor for cancer diagnosis in black males, can lead to increased efforts in pesticide exposure education in addition to possible government reformation on laws regarding pesticide use. Citation Format: Emelina Asto-Flores, Iweala Emeka, Popoola Ademola, Paul Jibrin, Mohammed Faruk, Anthonia Sowumi, Omolara Fatiregun, Nkegoum Blaise, Catherine Oladoyinbo, Ifeoma Okoye, Abdulkadir Ayo Salako, Abidemi Omonisi, Iya Eze Bassey, Kayode Adeniji, Nggada Haruna Asura, Ernest Kaninjing, Oluwole Kukoyi, Parisa Fathi, Ruth Enuka, Oluwaseyi Toye, Jennifer Crook, CaPTC Investigators, Folakemi Odedina. Impact of pesticide exposure in West African Black men within the United States, Cameroon, and Nigeria [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 1213.

Abstract BACKGROUND Black populations are disproportionately affected by prostate cancer globally. The leading countries in prostate cancer mortality are found in Africa and the Caribbean. This data is being presented as part of the Prostate Cancer Transatlantic Consortium (CaPTC) Prostate Cancer Familial Cohort Study of African Ancestry study with the purpose of identifying the various factors that influence prostate cancer risk factors. Access to care, a known cancer risk factor, not only affects a person’s ability to receive treatment but to receive accurate health information, preventative care, diagnoses, and more. Researching exactly how different social determinants, such as this one, affect cancer risk factors for specific populations is imperative to reducing their cancer burden. METHODS: This ten-year prospective study started in 2017 and has been conducted in Nigeria, Cameroon, and the United States. Participants have been recruited in clinics and different community settings. Upon consent, participants were asked to complete a validated survey with a unique identifier on epidemiological, behavioral, clinical, and anthropometric variables. They were then asked to provide a saliva sample that was also given a unique identifier. Associations of characteristics from the survey were evaluated using logistic regression models. Others were tested for statistical significance using a Chi-Squared test. RESULTS: A total of 803 responses are included in this dataset. Of these participants, 9.6% were from Cameroon, 82.6% from Nigeria, and 7.3% from the United States. More than half of the participants (54.9%) shared they did not have healthcare coverage. In addition, a chi-squared test showed 10.2% in the United States, 13.9% in Nigeria and 35.1% in Cameroon were unable to see a physician due to cost with a p-value of less than .001 indicating statistical significance. While participants in the United States did not report any cancer diagnoses, logistical regression found a significant inverse relationship between health literacy and increased risk of a cancer diagnosis. CONCLUSION Research shows a relationship between health access factors and cancer risk factors, but little research is done for specific populations. Further research should be done to measure the exact impact access to care has on cancer diagnoses for specific communities. It is very important that health equity researchers assess exactly how these factors affect the specific populations they work with to tailor evidence-based interventions to their needs. Citation Format: Jessica Otero, Emeka Iweala, Ademola Popoola, Paul Jibrin, Mohammed Faruk, Anthonia Sowumi, Omolara Fatiregun, Nkegoum Blaise, Catherine Oladoyinbo, Ifeoma Okoye, Abdulkadir Ayo Salako, Abidemi Omonisi, Iya Eze Bassey, Kayode Adenji, Nggada Haruna Asura, Ernest Kaninjing, Oluwole Kukoyi, Parisa Fathi, Ruth Enuka, Oluwaseyi Toye, Jennifer Crook, Folakemi Odedina. Influence of access to care on cancer diagnoses in the CaPTC Prostate Cancer Familial Cohort Study of African Ancestry in Nigeria, Cameroon, and the United States [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 15th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2022 Sep 16-19; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022;31(1 Suppl):Abstract nr B072.

Abstract INTRODUCTION The Prostate Cancer Transatlantic Consortium (CaPTC) has the goal of better understanding the burden of prostate cancer among Black men of West African descent. While prostate cancer disproportionately affects Blacks around the world, little research is done to understand what mental health and social support play a role in prostate cancer risk factors. The purpose of this 10-year longitudinal study is to establish a cohort of U.S.-born Black men, West African-born Black men who reside in the U.S, and West African Black men in Africa who would be prospectively and longitudinally followed to better understand the cause of prostate cancer and how different factors might influence it. METHODS Study staff partnered with community-based organizations, events, and stakeholders to engage with the priority population. Snowball sampling was also used for recruitment. All participants were made aware of the longitudinal nature of the study and that they would be contacted every two years for follow-up. Informed consent was done in community settings electronically and on paper. Once consent was received, participants completed the survey with a unique identifier and filled out a Cohort Contact sheet. They were given the option to complete this on their own or with the help of the study staff. Study Staff would then measure participants’ weight, height, and waistline, to be recorded on the survey form. After this, participant saliva was collected and tracked with the unique identifier. All collected data was stored on RedCap and a Chi-squared test was utilized to identify statistical significance. RESULTS 803 participants are included in this data with 77 in Cameroon, 663 in Nigeria, and 59 in the United States. When asked about emotional support, 13.6% (US) 11.8% (Nigeria), and 14.3% (Cameroon) indicated never or rarely having emotional support. 5.8% of those in the United States, 5.6% of those in Nigeria, and 7.8% of those in Cameroon felt dissatisfied or very dissatisfied with their lives. The p-value for both was found to be <0.001, therefore, suggesting statistical significance. On the other hand, participants described having an average of 6.53 (US), 9.4 (Nigeria), and 8.26% (Cameroon) days where their mental health was not good. However, this was statistically insignificant with a p-value of .95. CONCLUSION Mental health issues have been on the rise since the COVID-19 pandemic. While many people of color have stigmatized needing mental health help, it is important to find ways to overcome this barrier in assessing mental health and social support needs. Future research should continue to ask mental health and social support questions in order to assess their role in prostate cancer risk factors. Citation Format: Jessica Otero, Emeka Iweala, Ademola Popoola, Paul Jibrin, Mohammed Faruk, Anthonia Sowumi, Omolara Fatiregun, Nkegoum Blaise, Catherine Oladoyinbo, Ifeoma Okoye, Abdulkadir Ayo Salako, Abidemi Omonisi, Iya Eze Bassey, Kayode Adenji, Nggada Haruna Asura, Ernest Kaninjing, Oluwole Kukoyi, Parisa Fathi, Ruth Enuka, Oluwaseyi Toye, Jennifer Crook, Folakemi Odedina. Quality of life indicators including mental health factors in CaPTC prostate cancer familial cohort study of men of African Ancestry in Nigeria, Cameroon, and United States [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 15th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2022 Sep 16-19; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022;31(1 Suppl):Abstract nr B073.

Abstract Background: The CaPTC prostate cancer (CaP) Familial Cohort study (CaPFCS) was launched in 2017 to explore the CaP risk factors of African Black men (ABM). The study design is a prospective study that observes and follows healthy ABM and ABM diagnosed with CaP. Aim: The specific aim is to provide recommendations on statistical considerations for cohort studies focused on cancer disparities, based on lessons learned from the CaPTC CaPFCS. Methodology: Study participants were ABM in Cameroon, Nigeria, and the US. Using validated measures, data were collected mostly by self-administered or research assistant administered survey using paper survey (especially in Cameroon and Nigeria) with the responses transferred to REDCap by research coordinators. The statistical analysis for the CaPTC CaPFCS focused on the baseline epidemiological, behavioral, clinical and anthropometric measures of Black men. A total of 819 participants were included in the analyses. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics (sample median, range, frequency and percentages) and unadjusted logistic regression models. Results: Data collection for the CaPTC CaPFCS were by multiple investigators/research coordinators at multiple sites in Cameroon, Nigeria, and the US. In preparation for the data analyses, we noted data entry errors and/or misinterpretation of data entry, which required extensive cleaning of the database prior to the analyses. The biostatisticians spent significant effort cleaning and ensuring data validity prior to the analyses. Confounding variables is another statistical consideration for cohort studies, such as the CaPTC CaPFCS. There was variability observed across age, education levels, employment status, household income and CaP diagnosis based on country of residence. CaP diagnosis was not reported by any of the ABM in the US, which may be due to the fact that they were all recruited within the community and no recruitment took place in the clinic. Finally, the CaPTC CaPFCS has several variables. Performing a lot of statistical tests may result in false-positive findings at P<0.05. Conclusion: The advantage of the CaPFCS is that it allows the CaPTC investigators to study epidemiological, behavioral, clinical and anthropometric variables associated with CaP over time. Being a longitudinal cohort study, investigators can track the changes in exposure and outcomes over time.However, statistical considerations need to be at the fore-front of multi-center, transatlantic cancer disparity studies such as the CaPTC CaPFCS, from data collection to data entry. The use of web-based survey with the ability to enter data directly into REDCaP will significantly reduce (if not totally eliminate) the need for database cleaning. There are multiple strategies that can be used to reduce confounder effect, including statistical adjustment and multivariate analysis to adjust for the confounders. The use of propensity score methods have especially been found to be effective in controlling baseline confounding factors. Citation Format: Daniel Lee, Michael Heckman, Zhongwei Peng, Emeka Iweala, Ademola Popoola, Paul Jibrin, Mohammed Faruk, Anthonia Sowumi, Omolara Fatiregun, Nkegoum Blaise, Catherine Oladoyinbo, Ifeoma Okoye, Abdulkadir Ayo Salako, Abidemi Omonisi, Iya Eze Bassey, Kayode Adeniji, Nggada Haruna Asura, Ernest Kaninjing, Oluwole Kukoyi, Fathi Parisa, Ruth Enuka, Oluwaseyi Toye, Jennifer Crook, CaPTC Investigators, Folakemi Odedina. Importance of statistical considerations in multi-center, transatlantic cancer disparity studies: Lessons learned from the CaPTC prostate cancer familial cohort study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 15th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2022 Sep 16-19; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022;31(1 Suppl):Abstract nr C004.

Abstract Background: Vitamin C has long been recognized for its plethora of immune system and anti-inflammatory properties. Various cancers have been identified to have similarities in epigenetic inflammatory components. Because rates of prostate cancer have exhibited significant disparities in Black men with increased incidence and mortality, an examination of the intersection of diet, inflammation, and cancer and chronic disease diagnoses necessitates researchers to consider vitamin C. This study utilized data collected from the Prostate Cancer Transatlantic Consortium (CaPTC) Familial Cohort Study, an ongoing longitudinal cohort study initiated in 2017 which explores risk factors of prostate cancer among African Black men in Nigeria, Cameroon, and the United States (U.S.). Aim: The aim of this study was to examine the consumption habits of vitamin C-rich foods in African Black men and determine if dietary patterns influenced risk of cancer diagnosis. Methodology: Descriptive analyses compared vitamin C-rich food consumption among the countries of Nigeria, Cameroon, and the U.S. Unadjusted logistic regression models were used to identify association of cancer diagnosis with consumption of vitamin C fruits and vegetables. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated. Results: From 803 unique participants included in this study, most resided in Nigeria (82.6%), were married (92.9%) with a median age of 50.7 years. Chi square tests revealed significant differences in dietary consumption of vitamin C-rich fruits and vegetables among the three countries. Men in Nigeria presented with the highest weekly fruit consumption (p < 0.001). Men in the U.S. exhibited the greatest weekly vegetable consumption (p < 0.001), while men in Cameroon showed the least weekly consumption of both fruits and vegetable (p < 0.001). Fourteen Cameroon and zero U.S. men reported a cancer diagnosis. Logistic regression models were significant only for Nigeria where age (p < 0.001), leafy vegetable (0.04), berries (p = 0.05), and citrus fruit consumption (p = 0.04) were identified to be significant predictors of increased risk of cancer diagnoses. Conclusion: Regular consumption of vitamin C rich foods assists with reduction of inflammatory components that may contribute to cancer genesis. Dietary consumption patterns of vitamin C rich fruits and vegetables show significant disparities in Nigeria, Cameroon and the U.S. with men in Cameroon reporting the least weekly consumption of both vitamin C-rich fruits and vegetables. Future investigation into revisiting these associations as well as including an assessment of access to quality nutrition in both cost and availability should be explored, as regular consumption of leafy vegetables, berries, and citrus fruit were found to significantly decrease risk of cancer diagnosis in this study. Citation Format: Jennifer M. Crook, Emeka Iweala, Ademola Popoola, Paul Jibrin, Mohammed Faruk, Anthonia Sowumi, Omolara Fatiregun, Nkegoum Blaise, Catherine Oladoyinbo, Ifeoma Okoye, Abdulkadir Ayo Salako, Abidemi Omonisi, Iya Eze Bassey, Kayode Adeniji, Nggada Haruna Asura, Ernest Kaninjing, Oluwole Kukoyi, Parisa Fathi, Ruth Enuka, Oluwaseyi Toye, CaPTC Investigators, Folakemi Odedina. Vitamin C prediction of cancer diagnosis in men of African ancestry in Nigeria, Cameroon, and the United States: An analysis of the CaPTC prostate cancer study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 15th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2022 Sep 16-19; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022;31(1 Suppl):Abstract nr C068.