Prokinetics‐safety and efficacy: The European Society of Neurogastroenterology and Motility/The American Neurogastroenterology and Motility Society expert review
AbstractBackgroundProkinetics are a class of pharmacological drugs designed to improve gastrointestinal (GI) motility, either regionally or across the whole gut. Each drug has its merits and drawbacks, and based on current evidence as high‐quality studies are limited, we have no clear recommendation on one class or other. However, there remains a large unmet need for both regionally selective and/or globally acting prokinetic drugs that work primarily intraluminally and are safe and without systemic side effects.PurposeHere, we describe the strengths and weaknesses of six classes of prokinetic drugs, including their pharmacokinetic properties, efficacy, safety and tolerability and potential indications.
Toward a potential association between eosinophilic esophagitis and Klinefelter syndrome: a case series and review of the literature
Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is a sex aneuploidy abnormality comprised by one additional X chromosome. It occurs in 1:500–1000 male births. As with women, an increased susceptibility to autoimmune diseases is present. We report three cases of coexisting EoE and KS for a prevalence of 2% in our EoE clinic. Possible changes in gene expression in KS are reviewed, some of which may be related to activation of genes located on the X chromosome. We postulate that these X-activated genes in patients with KS yield a greater likelihood of developing EoE because of their genetic predisposition to autoimmune diseases.