Vanderschueren, Dirk

Abstract Context Questions regarding the superiority of free and bioavailable 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] in predicting health outcomes remain unresolved. Objective This study investigates the impact of vitamin D variables—total, bioavailable, or free 25(OH)D—on indices of bone and mineral metabolism, at baseline and in response to 2 vitamin D doses. Design Our objectives are implemented as exploratory analyses on data collected in a 1-year, double-blind, randomized controlled trial completed in July 2014. Setting Participants were recruited from 3 major hospitals in an ambulatory setting. Participants Participants were >65 years of age, overweight, and had a baseline serum 25(OH)D between 10 and 30 ng/mL. A total of 221 participants completed the study. Intervention Subjects were randomized to receive calcium and oral vitamin D3 (600 IU/day or 3750 IU/day) supplementation. Results Participants who received the higher vitamin D dose had levels that were 1.3- to 1.4-fold higher than those taking the lower dose, for all variables (P value < 0.001). Serum values of bioavailable and free 25(OH)D were associated with total 25(OH)D, with r values of 0.942 and 0.943, respectively (P value < 0.001). Parathyroid hormone (PTH) was negatively associated with all vitamin D variables, with correlation coefficients ranging from −0.22 to −0.25, while calcium and bone turnover markers (carboxy-terminal collagen crosslinks and osteocalcin) did not. Only total 25(OH)D had a positive relationship with % change bone mineral density (BMD) at the femoral neck at 12 months, while only free and bioavailable 25(OH) had a positive relationship with % change total body BMD at 12 months. Conclusion Calculated free and bioavailable 25(OH)D do not appear to be superior to total 25(OH)D in predicting indices of bone health in an elderly population.

Objective Long-term androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) negatively influences bone. The short-term effects on bone and mineral homeostasis are less known. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the early effects of ADT on calcium/phosphate homeostasis and bone turnover. Design Prospective cohort study. Methods Eugonadal adult, male sex offenders, who were referred for ADT to the endocrine outpatient clinic, received cyproterone acetate. Changes in blood markers of calcium/phosphate homeostasis and bone turnover between baseline and first follow-up visit were studied. Results Of 26 screened patients, 17 were included. The median age was 44 (range 20–75) years. The median time interval between baseline and first follow-up was 13 (6–27) weeks. Compared to baseline, an 81% decrease was observed for median total testosterone (to 3.4 nmol/L (0.4–12.2); P < 0.0001) and free testosterone (to 0.06 nmol/L (0.01–0.18); P < 0.0001). Median total estradiol decreased by 71% (to 17.6 pmol/L (4.7–35.6); P < 0.0001). Increased serum calcium (P < 0.0001) and phosphate (P = 0.0016) was observed, paralleled by decreased PTH (P = 0.0156) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (P = 0.0134). The stable calcium isotope ratio (δ44/42Ca) decreased (P = 0.0458), indicating net calcium loss from bone. Bone-specific alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin decreased (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.0056, respectively), periostin tended to decrease (P = 0.0500), whereas sclerostin increased (P < 0.0001), indicating suppressed bone formation. Serum bone resorption markers (TRAP, CTX) were unaltered. Conclusions In adult men, calcium release from the skeleton occurs early following sex steroid deprivation, reflecting early bone resorption. The increase of sclerostin and reduction of bone formation markers, without changes in resorption markers, suggests a dominant negative effect on bone formation in the acute phase.