Citations

BACKGROUND: TRPC6 (transient receptor potential canonical 6) channels, encoded by the TRPC6 gene, are widely expressed in cardiomyocytes and play a critical role in maintaining intracellular Ca 2 + homeostasis. Variants in TRPC6 are associated with chemotherapy-related cardiomyopathy. Specifically, the TRPC6 A404V polymorphism, with a minor (404 V) allele frequency of 12% in the general population, has been identified in patients undergoing anthracycline therapy. However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unexplored. METHODS: Using patch-clamp recordings, Ca 2 + imaging, computational analysis, and molecular biology techniques, we assessed the effects of doxorubicin and its metabolite, doxorubicinol, on regulating TRPC6 alanine (A) at position 404 replaced by valine (V; A404V) channel expression and function in a heterologous expression system and native cardiac cells. RESULTS: Both additive and recessive models demonstrated a significant association between the TRPC6 A404V variant and doxorubicin-related cardiomyopathy. The TRPC6 A404V channel exhibited higher membrane expression levels compared with the wild type (WT) control. Patch-clamp recordings showed that both TRPC6 WT and A404V channels remained mostly inactive at baseline. Application of 50 μmol/L 1-oleoyl acetyl-sn-glycerol (OAG), a TRPC6 activator, significantly increased the inward- and outward-current densities of WT and A404V channels. Furthermore, a 24-hour treatment with 0.5 μmol/L doxorubicin enhanced TRPC6 mRNA expression and potentiated the OAG effects on both WT and A404V channels, with a more pronounced response in A404V channels. Treatment with 0.5 μmol/L doxorubicinol had no effect on OAG-induced current densities in either WT or A404V channels. Doxorubicin effects on intracellular Ca 2 + levels were confirmed by Ca 2 + imaging in native cardiac cells. Computational modeling revealed that the A404V mutation induces a conformational change in the OAG-binding pocket, enhancing its interaction with OAG in the A404V protein compared with the WT control. CONCLUSIONS: The TRPC6 A404V is a gain-of-function variant that exhibits enhanced activity in the presence of doxorubicin. Therefore, the TRPC6 A404V variant represents a risk factor for anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity in patients with cancer.

ABSTRACT Gain-of-function mutations in the transient receptor potential 6 (TRPC6) channel have recently been recognized as risk factors for both doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiomyopathy. Functional evaluation of TRPC6 missense variants is therefore important for cancer patients undergoing anthracycline treatment. However, traditional electrophysiological methods are labor-intensive and time-consuming. In this study, we compared the functional responses of TRPC6 missense variants to 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol (OAG), a TRPC6 agonist, using molecular docking and patch clamp recording techniques. For the wild-type (WT) TRPC6 structure (PDB ID: 6UZ8), OAG exhibited a binding energy of -4.49 kcal/mol and a dissociation constant (Kd) of 0.511 mM. Twenty TRPC6 missense variants were identified from cancer patients in the Mayo Clinic database. Of these, fifteen variants had resolvable structures, nine of which displayed increased Kd values and six decreased Kd values compared to WT in molecular docking analysis. Patch clamp recordings revealed that TRPC6 WT and mutant channels were inactive at baseline but were activated upon 50 μM OAG stimulation, except two loss-of-function variants. Moreover, a 24-h treatment with 0.5 μM DOX significantly enhanced OAG-induced channel activation. All three variants identified in patients with heart failure demonstrated gain-of-function properties in both electrophysiological measurements and in-silico predictions. Importantly, the results obtained from molecular docking and patch clamp recordings were strongly correlated, showing an 82% concordance, higher than the predictions from AlphaMissense. These findings indicate that our computational analysis provides a rapid and reliable method for predicting the functional impact of TRPC6 missense variants, which may aid clinical decision-making in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy.

Background: We have previously reported that Sorbs2 (sorbin and SH3 domain 2) knockout mice have significant cardiac structural and electrical remodeling, including atrial enlargement and fibrosis. The mechanisms of such changes were unknown. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that loss of Sorbs2 in cardiac fibroblasts promotes profibrotic signaling pathways and alters the balance between matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and their inhibitors (TIMPs) resulting in excessive collagen deposition in the atria. Methods: We used Sorbs2 global knockout ( Sorbs2 KO) mice and age-matched wild-type (WT) controls at 4 to 5 months of age. Left atrial fibrosis was quantitated by Masson's trichrome staining in serial sections. Scratch wound healing assays and transwell migration assays were performed in isolated Sorbs2 KO and WT atrial fibroblasts. Protein expression was determined by Western blots. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) production in cultured fibroblast supernatants was measured by ELISA. Results: Sorbs2 KO mice showed significant increase in atrial diameter (16.6 ± 1.5 mm vs 12.0 ± 1.1 mm in WT; n=3, p < 0.05) and atrial fibrosis (fraction of fibrotic areas: 18.6± 2.9 % vs. 7.6 ± 0.9 % in WT; p < 0.01). Collagen 1 and collagen 3 protein levels in Sorbs2 KO mouse atria were 1.8-fold and 1.7-fold higher than those of WT respectively. Sorbs2 KO atrial fibroblasts showed impaired function with significantly reduced migration and slower scratch-wound closure (migration area after 24h: 18.5 ± 3.8 % vs 70.1 ± 6.7 % in WT; n=6, p < 0.01).Moreover, transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), α-smooth muscle actin, and periostin expression levels were significantly reduced in isolated fibroblasts and atrial myocardia from Sorbs2 KO mice, suggesting that fibrosis is not caused by TGF-b1-dependent mechanisms or from myofibroblast transformation. Analysis of ECM proteins showed significant downregulation of MMP1 and MMP3 but upregulation of TIMP1, while TIMP3 was unchanged. Consistent with a pro-inflammatory phenotype, Sorbs2 KO atrial fibroblasts secreted higher IL-6 levels at baseline (3303± 463 pg/mL vs. 2075 ± 731 pg/mL in WT; n=6, p < 0.01) and with LPS stimulation (7791 ± 604 pg/mL vs. 5588 ± 763 pg/mL in WT; n=6, p < 0.01). Conclusion: Sorbs2 deficiency is associated with abnormal atrial fibroblast function showing impaired migration and scratch wound healing, as well as increased IL-6 production and imbalanced MMP/TIMP. These changes result in collagen accumulation and enhanced fibrosis.

Background: Voltage-gated Nav1.5 channel, encoded by SCN5A , is essential for initiation and propagation of action potentials (AP) in atria. Nav1.5 channelopathy is strongly associated with arrhythmogenesis, including atrial fibrillation. Sorbin and SH3 domain-containing protein 2 (Sorbs2), encoded by SORBS2 , is an important cytoskeletal protein for maintaining atrial structural and electrical integrity. However, the specific mechanisms through which Sorbs2 modulates Nav1.5 function in atria is unknown. Hypothesis: Sorbs2 modulates atrial Nav1.5 expression and function through direct protein-protein interaction. Methods: We created the cardiac-specific Sorbs2 knockout ( c-Sorbs2 KO) mice. We determined the mechanisms by which Sorbs2 regulates Nav1.5 channel expression and function by performing electrophysiological experiments using atrial cells and tissues from control and c-Sorbs2 KO mice, in conjunction with molecular biological studies and in silico analysis. Results: c-Sorbs2 KO mice at 8-10 months showed marked left atrial (LA) enlargement, and ECG showed significantly prolonged P-R durations. Compared to wild-type controls, intracellular recordings in LA tissues isolated from c-Sorbs2 KO mice showed reduced AP amplitude, decreased upstroke velocity, prolonged AP duration at 90% repolarization and effective refractory period, spontaneous atrial tachycardias and triggered activity. Patch-clamp recordings in freshly isolated atrial cardiomyocytes showed a significantly reduced peak sodium current density in c-Sorbs2 KO mice (-12.0 ± 1.6 pA/pF at -45 mV, n = 10), compared to controls (-21.3 ± 4.0 pA/pF at -45 mV, n = 12, p < 0.05). Also, the steady-state activation and inactivation curves of Nav1.5 channel were rightward shifted in c-Sorbs2 KO atrial cardiomyocytes. Molecular docking analysis showed that the Sorbs2 SH3 domain interacts directly with the voltage-sensing domain of Nav1.5. Co-immunoprecipitation assays confirmed the physical interactions between Nav1.5 and the C-terminal SH3 domain of Sorbs2. Furthermore, results from membrane biotinylation study demonstrated that deletion of the SH3 domains of Sorbs2 significantly reduced Nav1.5 surface expression in HEK293 cells. Sorbs2 interacts directly with Nav1.5 through its SH3 domain, playing a key role in regulating Nav1.5 channel gating kinetics and surface expression in atrial cardiomyocytes. Loss of Sorbs2 results in Nav1.5 channelopathy and contributes to atrial electrical remodeling.

Background: Cardiac myosin-binding protein C (cMyBP-C, encoded by MYBPC3 ) and Sorbin and SH3 domain-containing protein 2 (Sorbs2, encoded by SORBS2 ) are critical sarcomeric components that maintain cardiac structure and function. MYBPC3 and SORBS2 are linked to hypertrophic and dilated cardiomyopathies. But the relationship between Sorbs2 and cMyBP-C regulation, and their roles in the pathogenesis of atrial fibrotic cardiomyopathy (AFCM), remains unclear. Hypothesis: Sorbs2 acts as a cytoskeletal and RNA-binding protein that regulates cMyBP-C expression in atrial myocardium. Methods: We created the cardiac-specific Sorbs2 knockout ( c-Sorbs2 KO mice. We used next-generation RNA sequencing, molecular biology techniques, and in silico analysis to study how Sorbs2 regulates cMyBP-C expression in the atria of c-Sorbs2 KO mice. Results: Compared to age-matched wild-type (WT) mice at 8-9 months of age, the c-Sorbs2 KO male exhibited significant left atrial (LA) enlargement (diameter: 2.41±0.11 mm vs 1.82 ± 0.05 mm in WT; n = 8; p < 0.001) and severe atrial fibrosis (fibrotic area: 12.29±1.73 vs 2.83 ± 0.41% in WT; p < 0.001), accompanied by marked reductions in both mRNA and protein levels of cMyBP-C in LA. In vitro knock-down of Sorbs2 by 60% via shRNA led to an 86.3% decrease in cMyBP-C protein levels, while a 3-fold Sorbs2 overexpression via adenoviral transduction resulted in a 1.4-fold increase in cMyBP-C protein levels in HL-1 cells . cMyBP-C mRNAs were identified in the ribonucleoprotein complexes immunoprecipitated with anti-Sorbs2 antibodies from cardiomyocyte lysates. Loss of Sorbs2 significantly reduced the half-life of cMyBP-C mRNA (from 2.1 hrs in WT to 1.2 hrs in KO). Co-immunoprecipitation with truncated Sorbs2 constructs showed that the C-terminal SH3 domains of Sorbs2, but not the N-terminal SoHo domain, interacted with cMyBP-C protein. Molecular docking and modeling showed hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds between residues H906 and G907 in the SH3 domain of Sorbs2 and residue A954, P955 and T957 in the SH3-binding motif (949-MA P GA P VT-957) of cMyBP-C with a weighted score of -1036 using ClusPro online service. Conclusions: Sorbs2 regulates cMyBP-C expression through direct interaction with both cMyBP-C mRNA and protein. Loss of Sorbs2 results in reduced cMyBP-C expression, atrial fibrosis, and chamber enlargement, revealing a novel Sorbs2/cMyBP-C axis underlying AFCM pathogenesis.

Précis: 240-degree and 360-degree goniotomy (GT) demonstrated similar efficacy in intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction, both outperforming 120-degree GT in patients with juvenile open angle glaucoma (JOAG) at postoperative 6-month follow-up. Objective: To compare the surgical efficacy and safety of 120-degree, 240-degree, and 360-degree GT for patients with JOAG. Patients and Methods: This multicenter retrospective study included 102 eyes of 102 patients with JOAG, who underwent GT with a follow-up of at least 6 months. Patients were categorized into 3 groups: (1) 120-degree GT, (2) 240-degree GT, and (3) 360-degree GT. IOP, glaucoma medications, and complications were recorded at baseline and the final visit. Complete success and qualified success were defined as a postoperative IOP ≤21 mm Hg without and with medications, respectively. Results: Mean age of the participants was 24.4 ± 7.9 years. After a mean follow-up of 8.1 ± 2.7 months, complete success rates were similar between the 240-degree GT (45.2%) and the 360-degree GT (63.2%; P = 0.135), and both were superior to 120-degree GT (18.2%; P < 0.05). Qualified success rates among patients in the 120-degree, 240-degree, and 360-degree GT groups were 93.9%, 96.8%, and 100%, respectively, and showed no statistically significant difference (P = 0.292). 360-degree GT required fewer medications than 240-degree GT and 120-degree GT (P < 0.05), with no significant difference in medications between 120-degree GT and 240-degree GT (P > 0.05). Hyphema was the most common postoperative complication, with a significantly higher incidence in the 360-degree GT (68.4%) compared with the 240-degree GT (41.9%) and 120-degree GT (33.3%; P < 0.05). Conclusions: 240-degree and 360-degree GT showed similar efficacy in IOP reduction and were superior to 120-degree GT. More extensive GT may provide better outcomes in JOAG.

Background: Gain-of-function mutations in the canonical transient receptor potential 6 (TRPC6) channel contribute to heart failure (HF) and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in humans. Our GWAS results indicated that the TRPC6 A404V variant, having a minor allele frequency of 12% in the population, is associated with doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. However, the underlying ionic mechanisms of this variant have not been fully examined. Methods: Combining patch clamp recording, site-directed mutagenesis, and in-silico analysis, we evaluated the TRPC6 A404V variant function. Results: Whole-cell TRPC6 currents were elicited in HEK293 cells using a voltage ramp protocol from -100 mV to +100 mV with a holding potential of -60 mV, 48 hours after transfection with TRPC6 WT or A404V cDNAs. The inward-current densities at -100 mV and the outward-current densities at +100 mV for TRPC6 WT and A404V variant were similar at baseline. However, after exposure to 50 μM 1-oleoyl acetyl-sn-glycerol (OAG, a TRPC6 activator), these current densities were significantly increased by 2.6-fold and 4.5-fold respectively in the WT (n=20 cells), and by 8.4-fold and 8.9-fold respectively in the A404V variant (n=12 cells, p<0.05 vs. WT). The OAG effects were abolished by superfusion with 1 μM BI-749327 (a specific TRPC6 inhibitor). Moreover, a 24-hour treatment with 0.5 μM doxorubicin (DOX) further amplified the effects of OAG, increasing the total inward- and outward-current densities by 7.2-fold and 9.5-fold respectively in TRPC6 WT (n=11 cells), and by 13.9-fold and 14.7-fold respectively in the A404V variant (n=13 cells, p<0.05 vs. WT). In comparison, the OAG effects on TRPC6 WT and A404V channels were not potentiated by treatment with 0.5 μM doxorubicinol (DOXol, a metabolite of DOX) for 24 h (n=10-12 cells, p=N.S.). Molecular docking studies showed that OAG had a lower binding energy (-5.60 kcal/mol) and a smaller apparent equilibrium constant (Kd) of 0.079 mM with the A404V variant, compared to those of -4.49 kcal/mol and 0.511 mM respectively with TTRPC6 WT. Conclusion: TRPC6 A404V is a gain-of-function variant with a higher binding affinity to OAG. Treatment with DOX but not DOXol greatly enhances TRPC6 WT and A404V channel activation by OAG. Thus, cancer patients carrying the TRPC6 A404V variant may be more vulnerable to develop HF upon treatment with anthracycline.

BACKGROUND: Vascular large conductance Ca 2+ -activated K + (BK) channel, composed of the α-subunit (BK-α) and the β1-subunit (BK-β1), is a key determinant of coronary vasorelaxation and its function is impaired in diabetic vessels. However, our knowledge of diabetic BK channel dysregulation is incomplete. The Sorbs2 (Sorbin homology [SoHo] and Src homology 3 [SH3] domains-containing protein 2), is ubiquitously expressed in arteries, but its role in vascular pathophysiology is unknown. METHODS: The role of Sorbs2 in regulating vascular BK channel activity was determined using patch-clamp recordings, molecular biological techniques, and in silico analysis. RESULTS: Sorbs2 is not only a cytoskeletal protein but also an RNA-binding protein that binds to BK channel proteins and BK-α mRNA, regulating BK channel expression and function in coronary smooth muscle cells. Molecular biological studies reveal that the SH3 domain of Sorbs2 is necessary for Sorbs2 interaction with BK-α subunits, while both the SH3 and SoHo domains of Sorbs2 interact with BK-β1 subunits. Deletion of the SH3 or SoHo domains abolishes the Sorbs2 effect on the BK-α/BK-β1 channel current density. Additionally, Sorbs2 is a target gene of the Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2), which binds to the promoter of Sorbs2 and regulates Sorbs2 expression in coronary smooth muscle cells. In vivo studies demonstrate that Sorbs2 knockout mice at 4 months of age display a significant decrease in BK channel expression and function, accompanied by impaired BK channel Ca 2+ -sensitivity and BK channel-mediated vasodilation in coronary arteries, without altering their body weights and blood glucose levels. Importantly, Sorbs2 expression is significantly downregulated in the coronary arteries of db/db type 2 diabetic mice. CONCLUSIONS: Sorbs2, a downstream target of Nrf2, plays an important role in regulating BK channel expression and function in vascular smooth muscle cells. Vascular Sorbs2 is downregulated in diabetes. Genetic knockout of Sorbs2 manifests coronary BK channelopathy and vasculopathy observed in diabetic mice, independent of obesity and glucotoxicity.

Background: Particle therapy is a noninvasive, catheter-free modality for cardiac ablation. We previously demonstrated the efficacy for creating ablation lesions in the porcine heart. Despite several earlier studies, the exact mechanism of early biophysical effects of proton and photon beam delivery on the myocardium remain incompletely resolved. Methods: Ten normal and 9 infarcted in situ porcine hearts received proton beam irradiation (40 Gy) delivered to the left ventricular myocardium with follow-up for 8 weeks. High-resolution electroanatomical mapping of the left ventricular was performed at baseline and follow-up. Bipolar voltage amplitude, conduction velocity, and connexin-43 were determined within the irradiated and nonirradiated areas. Results: The irradiated area in normal hearts showed a significant reduction of bipolar voltage amplitude (10.1±4.9 mV versus 5.7±3.2, P <0.0001) and conduction velocity (85±26 versus 55±13 cm/s, P =0.03) beginning at 4 weeks after irradiation. In infarcted myocardium after irradiation, bipolar voltage amplitude of the infarct scar (2.0±2.9 versus 0.8±0.7 mV, P =0.008) was significantly reduced as well as the conduction velocity in the infarcted heart (43.7±15.7 versus 26.3±11.4 cm/s, P =0.02). There were no significant changes in bipolar voltage amplitude and conduction velocity in nonirradiated myocardium. Myocytolysis, capillary hyperplasia, and dilation were seen in the irradiated myocardium 8 weeks after irradiation. Active caspase-3 and reduction of connexin-43 expression began in irradiated myocardium 1 week after irradiation and decreased over 8 weeks. Conclusions: Irradiation of the myocardium with proton beams reduce connexin-43 expression, conduction velocity, and bipolar conducted electrogram amplitude in a large porcine model. The changes in biomarkers preceded electrophysiological changes after proton beam therapy.