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OBJECTIVE Sepsis is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in pediatric hematology, oncology, and transplant (PHOT) patients. This study characterized PHOT patients who developed hospital-onset sepsis more than 12 hours after admission and identified risk factors for 30-day sepsis-attributable (SA) mortality. PATIENTS AND METHODS We analyzed an existing multicenter database of sepsis collected prospectively over 5 years (2017–2021) as part of the Improving Pediatric Sepsis Outcomes Collaborative. Sepsis was defined using operational elements documented in the health records based on International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision codes, treatment, diagnostic tests, and sepsis screen, huddle, or order set use. RESULTS A total of 9604 sepsis episodes in PHOT patients from 49 hospitals were analyzed: 70.5% were identified in the emergency department (ED), 10.9% in inpatient settings less than or equal to 12 hours from admission, and 18.6% were hospital onset. Only 52.5% of patients with hospital-onset sepsis were identified using a sepsis recognition method compared with 87.2% in the ED (P < .001). The overall 30-day SA mortality was 2.2%, with a higher rate (6.9%) among those with hospital-onset sepsis compared with those who developed sepsis at presentation or less than or equal to 12 hours (1.1%, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Although the difference in SA mortality between hospitalized and nonhospitalized patients may be impacted by nonmeasurable confounders inherent to the type of patients presenting in the different care settings, we reported system-based improvements that may reduce mortality. The 30-day SA mortality was lower in hospitalized PHOT patients when sepsis was detected by early recognition methods, supporting the need for efforts to implement sepsis recognition tools in the inpatient setting.

Abstract Introduction This study investigated the efficacy and safety of neoadjuvant chemotherapy for locally advance penile squamous cell carcinoma for which current evidence is lacking. Methods Included patients had locally advanced penile squamous cell carcinoma with clinical lymph node metastasis treated with at least 1 dose of neoadjuvant chemotherapy prior to planned consolidative lymphadenectomy. Objective response rates were assessed using Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors v1.1. The primary and secondary outcomes were overall survival and progression-free survival, estimated by the Kaplan–Meier method. Treatment-related adverse events were graded per the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v5.0. Results A total of 209 patients received neoadjuvant chemotherapy for locally advanced and clinically node-positive penile squamous cell carcinoma. The study population consisted of 7% of patients with stage II disease, 48% with stage III, and 45% with stage IV. Grade 2 treatment-related adverse events occurred in 35 (17%) patients, and no treatment-related mortality was observed. Of the patients, 201 (97%) completed planned consolidative lymphadenectomy. During follow-up, 106 (52.7%) patients expired, with a median overall survival of 37.0 months (95% confidence interval [CI] = 23.8 to 50.1 months) and median progression-free survival of 26.0 months (95% CI = 11.7 to 40.2 months). Objective response rate was 57.2%, with 87 (43.2%) having partial response and 28 (13.9%) having a complete response. Patients with objective response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy had a longer median overall survival (73.0 vs 17.0 months, P < .01) compared with those who did not. The lymph node pathologic complete response rate was 24.8% in the cohort. Conclusion Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with lymphadenectomy for locally advanced penile squamous cell carcinoma is well tolerated and active to reduce the disease burden and improve long-term survival outcomes.

Objectives:The objectives of this study was to describe variation in induction regimen, identify predictors of induction immunosuppression (IS) choice, and examine the impact of induction IS regimen on length of stay (LOS) and total perioperative costs in pediatric liver transplant recipients.Methods:We analyzed liver transplant utilization data in the Pediatric Health Information System database. Patients were divided into 3 induction IS groups: (1) steroids only, (2) T‐cell depleting antibody (TDA), and (3) non‐TDA. We identified predictors of induction IS regimen and examined associations between each outcome and choice of induction IS.Results:We analyzed 4905 liver transplant recipients (50% female, 80% under age 13 years, 42% non‐Hispanic White). Most patients (3162, 64%) received steroids only induction, and about twice as many patients received a non‐TDA regimen (1093, 22%) versus a TDA regimen (650, 13%). Median total perioperative costs were highest for the TDA group [$146,438 (interquartile range $113,461–$195,575)] versus the non‐TDA group [$129,307 ($102,632–$173,953)] and the steroids only group ($127,049 ($98,814–$181,053)]. Compared to steroids only induction, TDA was associated with increased LOS (+2 days, P = 0.017) with no difference in cost. Non‐TDA induction was associated with a decreased LOS (−3 days, P < 0.001) and increased cost (+$42,542; P < 0.001) independent of LOS.Conclusions:Compared to a steroids only induction IS regimen, non‐TDA induction was associated with increased total perioperative costs, even after adjustments for LOS. Future work will combine cost and outcome data to provide decision‐making support in pediatric liver transplant recipients.