Citations

ABSTRACT Objective To provide expert recommendations for the development of a specialty bipolar clinic that promotes best clinical practices for the delivery of safe and effective care. Methods Members of the National Network of Depression Centers (NNDC) Bipolar Clinics Work Group met in a series of 1‐h monthly video calls over 18 months to discuss all aspects of their respective institution's bipolar clinics, including services provided, administrative processes, staffing models, characteristics of patients treated, patient volumes, finances, and research. The group also invited psychiatrists from outside of the NNDC who ran large bipolar clinics to contribute their thoughts and experiences on the subject. In addition, the NNDC sent a 20‐question survey to all 27 sites asking clinic directors specific questions about their bipolar clinics, if applicable. Further meetings and discussions incorporating results from the survey took place to produce a comprehensive set of recommendations. Results Twenty‐one of 27 NNDC sites (81%) responded to the survey. Twelve of 21 (57%) sites had a specific bipolar clinic, and another 4 (19%) were looking to start one. Clinics were based in university settings. The meetings, clinic survey, and discussions resulted in 10 recommendations describing services and operations for bipolar specialty clinics. Conclusions Given the complexity of bipolar disorder, specialty clinics are important to enhance care. Clinics with a wide array of services that include consultation, medication management, bipolar‐specific psychotherapies, and patient/family psychoeducation provide the most comprehensive care. Challenges to these clinics include maintaining ongoing patient access as well as ensuring long‐term financial stability.

ABSTRACT Background This study aimed to explore the effect of family history (FH) and polygenic risk scores (PRS) for multiple psychiatric disorders on lithium response in bipolar disorder (BD). Method The sample included patients from the Mayo Clinic BD Biobank. FH in first‐degree relatives was obtained via the patient questionnaire. Linear regression models tested the association of FH and PRS for BD, major depressive disorder (MDD), schizophrenia (SCZ), alcohol use disorder (AUD), anxiety disorder (ANX), and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with lithium response measured by the Alda A score adjusted for the Alda B sum score. Post hoc models additionally adjusted for clinical covariates (age at onset, rapid cycling, and BD subtype). Results 716 patients had Alda scores for lithium response (61.9% females, mean age = 43.4 years). FH‐BD ( β = −0.57, p = 0.015), AUD ( β = −0.44, p = 0.045), and ANX ( β = −0.61, p = 0.050) were associated with worse lithium response. After adjusting for clinical covariates, associations for FH‐BD and FH‐ANX were no longer significant. PRS‐BD was associated with better response ( β = 0.22, p = 0.041), while PRS‐MDD ( β = −0.28, p = 0.01) and PRS‐ADHD ( β = −0.24, p = 0.028) were associated with worse response, with effects largely unchanged after adjusting for clinical covariates. In the combined model considering all FHs simultaneously, only FH‐BD remained significantly associated with worse lithium response ( β = −0.71, p = 0.039). In the combined model for PRS, only PRS‐BD ( β = 0.31, p = 0.008; better response) and PRS‐MDD ( β = −0.29, p = 0.020; worse response) showed significant associations. Conclusions In this exploratory study, FH‐BD, AUD, and ANX were associated with poor response, though only FH‐AUD remained significant after adjusting for clinical factors. PRS‐BD predicted better response, while PRS‐MDD was associated with worse response. These findings suggest independent and potentially complementary roles of FH and PRS. Integrating both familial and genetic risk measures may improve personalized treatment strategies and outcomes for BD patients.

Abstract Background Anxiety disorders (ANX) affect 30–60% of individuals with bipolar disorder (BD), yet limited research has systematically examined clinical characteristics and treatment patterns in this comorbid population. This study investigated demographic, clinical, and pharmacotherapeutic differences between individuals with BD with and without comorbid ANX. Methods Cross-sectional data from 2,225 adults with BD enrolled in the Mayo Clinic Bipolar Disorder Biobank were analyzed. Participants were assessed for comorbid ANX, demographics, clinical characteristics, medication use, and treatment response using the Alda-A scale. Results Overall, 61% (n = 1,366) had comorbid ANX. Individuals with BD + ANX were younger (40.4 vs. 43.6 years, p < 0.001), more likely female (66.6% vs. 54.8%, p < 0.001), and exhibited higher rates of rapid cycling (64.2% vs. 45.2%, p < 0.001), suicide attempts (40.4% vs. 24.8%, p < 0.001), substance use disorders (63.5% vs. 54.8%, p < 0.001), and somatic comorbidities (MCIRS: 6.68 vs. 5.42, p < 0.001). Pharmacotherapeutically, BD + ANX individuals were less likely to receive lithium (37.1% vs. 47.8%, p = 0.005) and valproic acid (21.7% vs. 29.6%, p = 0.047), but more likely to receive antidepressants (53.8% vs. 39.5%, p < 0.001), benzodiazepines (39.9% vs. 26.6%, p < 0.001), and gabapentinoids (8.5% vs. 4.5%, p < 0.001). Notably, 17.3% of BD + ANX individuals received antidepressants without mood stabilizer coverage. Treatment response (Alda-A) scores were significantly lower in BD + ANX for lithium (4.91 vs. 6.05, p < 0.001), mood-stabilizing anticonvulsants (5.09 vs. 6.22, p < 0.001), and second-generation antipsychotics (4.67 vs. 5.73, p < 0.001). Similar patterns were observed in both BD-I and BD-II subtypes. Conclusions Individuals with BD + ANX represent a more severely affected subgroup with distinct prescribing patterns favoring antidepressants over mood stabilizers and attenuated mood stabilizers response. These findings highlight the need for anxiety-informed treatment algorithms recognizing anxiety comorbidity as a negative prognostic factor.

Introduction Bipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic illness affecting approximately 2-3% adults worldwide. Mood stabilizers, such as lithium, valproate, carbamazepine, and lamotrigine are mainstays of the treatment. Despite their benefits, mood stabilizers carry a risk of side effects, which can lead to treatment discontinuation and non-adherence rates ranging from 10 to 60% in BD patients (Dols et al. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2013; 28, 287-296). Dermatologic side effects, also known as cutaneous adverse drug reactions, are particularly distressing, often impacting patients’ self-esteem and social interactions, and contributing to non-compliance. These reactions can range in severity from mild rashes, acneiform eruptions, hair loss and psoriasis to severe, life-threatening conditions like Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) (Mitkov et al. Psychosomatics 2014; 55, 1-20).Objectives Despite the well-documented association between mood stabilizers and dermatologic adverse effects (AE), the overall prevalence of these reactions across mood stabilizers remains unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims (1) to estimate the prevalence of dermatologic AE associated with mood stabilizer (lithium, valproate, carbamazepine and lamotrigine) use in patients with BD, and (2) to summarize the available evidence on the onset and timing of these reactions.MethodsWe searched Ovid MEDLINE®, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Scopus, and PsycINFO from 1970 onward for studies on dermatologic AEs in BD patients treated with lithium, valproate, carbamazepine, or lamotrigine (CRD42022357268). Study selection, data extraction, and bias risk assessment were performed by two reviewers. Meta-analyses were conducted to estimate the prevalence rates for dermatologic AEs.ResultsThe initial database searches yielded 5,354 studies. 47 articles were deemed relevant and included in this systematic review. Study designs included 16 randomized controlled trials, 10 non-randomized open-label trials, 12 cohort studies, and 9 cross-sectional studies. Lithium was associated with acneiform eruptions in 4.4% (95% CI: 1.0-17.0%), rash in 1.8% (95% CI: 0.7-4.8%), and hair loss in 1.7% (95% CI: 0.4%-6.4%) of patients. For valproate, hair loss was observed in 4.6% of patients (95% CI: 3.0-6.7%) and rash in 2.9% (95% CI: 1.6-5.3%). Carbamazepine was associated with rash in 6.0% of patients (95% CI: 4.4-7.6%), but severe reactions such as SJS and TEN were not reported. Lamotrigine had the highest rash prevalence with 9.2% (95% CI: 7.2-11.8%), while severe reactions were rare (0.04%, 95% CI: 0.00-0.63%).Conclusions Mood stabilizers showed varying levels of dermatologic AEs, but severe reactions were rare. Future studies should explore factors influencing these outcomes, their impact on quality of life and treatment participation, and potential management strategies.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

ABSTRACT Objectives To explore the clinical impact of social determinants of health (SDoH) stress in bipolar disorder (BD) course of illness and to explore potential gender differences in SDoH stress endorsement. Methods 2280 individuals living with BD type I or II (62% women; 67.5% BD‐I) participating in the Mayo Clinic Bipolar Biobank who completed a questionnaire assessing positive and negative‐valent stressors in the 12 months prior to study enrollment were included for this analysis. Six negative stressors were used as proxies of SDoH. Generalized linear models were used to test the association between SDoH stressors and markers of illness severity as well as potential differences by sex by including an interaction term. Results After adjusting for age, sex, and recruitment site, SDoH‐related stressors were significantly associated with a more severe course of illness in both men and women. Except for unemployment rates, women reported more frequently SDoH‐related stress (i.e., lack of family support, financial problems, health coverage and access problems). Conclusions The study found significant gender differences in both the endorsement of specific SDoH stressors and in the prevalence of specific illness severity markers; however, it did not directly test the predictive relationship between gender differences in SDoH and illness severity markers. Future studies aiming to achieve health equity in mental health care should continue assessing social determinants of health stressors, incorporating a gender perspective to better understand their influence on bipolar disorder.

Abstract Background: Responsiveness to mood-stabilizing pharmacotherapy varies in bipolar disorder (BD). We investigated clinical correlates of second-generation antipsychotic (SGA) treatment response and conducted the first genome-wide association study (GWAS), including exploratory polygenic scores (PGS), of SGA pharmacogenomic treatment response in BD. Methods: Treatment response was quantified using the Alda scale, and GWAS was performed using Alda-A score, controlling for sex, genotyping batch, and the genomic principal components. Results: The cohort included 2,159 adults with BD (1,416 BD-I, 691 BD-II, 51 schizoaffective BD), mean age 41.8 years, 62% female, 84% white, and 14% Hispanic. Nearly half (48%) were treated with SGAs. Current SGA users were younger (41.2±14.7 vs. 42.5±15.3 years, p =0.040), more likely to be Hispanic (14% vs. 11%, p =0.047), had a higher body mass index (BMI; 30.4±7.6 vs. 29.5±7.1 kg/m 2 , p =0.005). Lifetime comorbidity patterns for current SGA users include higher rates of manic psychosis (29% vs. 17%, p <0.001) and eating disorders — Anorexia Nervosa (7% vs. 4%, p =0.003), Bulimia Nervosa (7% vs. 4%, p =0.003), and Binge Eating Disorder (14% vs. 11%, p =0.030). We detected a genome-wide significant association between SGA Alda-A scores and GAS7 variants (top variant: rs202127418, β =-2.998, p =4.96E-08). However, SGA response was not significantly associated with PGS for schizophrenia, BD, and major depression (FDR>0.05). Conclusions: SGAs are frequently utilized as mood stabilizers in patients with BD and are associated with manic psychosis and eating disorders. GAS7 variants may predict SGA response, but larger, more diverse cohorts are needed for validation.

Abstract The lack of a molecular understanding of mood disorders has impeded progress in diagnosis and treatment. Glycosylation may provide insights into the complex mechanisms underlying these conditions. We conducted N-glycoproteomic analysis on dorsolateral prefrontal cortex samples from individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD), in depressive or manic states at death. Additionally, we examined depression prevalence in congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) through a literature review and assessment of 110 CDG patients. Glycoproteomic analysis revealed a significant increase in protein glycosylation in individuals with MDD relative to both controls and individuals with BD. Depression prevalence was lower in our pediatric and adult cohort of individuals with CDG. These results suggest brain glycosylation changes may play a role in mood disorder pathology and highlight the distinct biology of unipolar and bipolar depression. Our findings propose that impaired glycosylation may confer resilience to depression, offering potential therapeutic insights.

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to review the association between the SLC6A4 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and antidepressant (AD)-associated treatment emergent mania (TEM) in bipolar disorder alongside starting a discussion on the merits of developing risk stratification models to guide when not to provide AD treatment for bipolar depression. Methods Studies that examined the association between clinical and genetic risk factors, specifically monoaminergic transporter genetic variation, and TEM were identified. A meta-analysis was performed using the odds ratio to estimate the effect size under the Der-Simonian and Laird model. Results Seven studies, referencing the SLC6A4 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and TEM (total N = 1578; TEM+ =594, TEM− = 984), of 142 identified articles were included. The time duration between the start of the AD to emergence of TEM ranged from 4 to 12 weeks. There was a nominally significant association between the s allele of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and TEM (odds ratio, 1.434; 95% confidence interval, 1.001–2.055; P = 0.0493; I 2 = 52%). No studies have investigated norepinephrine or dopamine transporters. Conclusion Although the serotonin transporter genetic variation is commercially available in pharmacogenomic decision support tools, greater efforts, more broadly, should focus on complete genome-wide approaches to determine genetic variants that may contribute to TEM. Moreover, these data are exemplary to the merits of developing risk stratification models, which include both clinical and biological risk factors, to guide when not to use ADs in bipolar disorder. Future studies will need to validate new risk models that best inform the development of personalized medicine best practices treating bipolar depression.

Abstract There is increasing interest in individualizing treatment selection for more than 25 regulatory approved treatments for major depressive disorder (MDD). Despite an inconclusive efficacy evidence base, antidepressants (ADs) are prescribed for the depressive phase of bipolar disorder with oftentimes an inadequate treatment response and or clinical concern for mood destabilization. This study explored the relationship between antidepressant response in MDD and antidepressant-associated treatment emergent mania (TEM) in bipolar disorder (BD). We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) and polygenic score analysis of TEM and tested its association with a subset of BD-I patients treated with SSRIs or SNRIs. Our results did not identify any genome-wide significant variants although, we found that a higher polygenic score (PGS) for antidepressant response in MDD was associated with higher odds of TEM in BD. Future studies with larger transdiagnostic cohorts treated with antidepressants are encouraged to identify a neurobiological mechanism associated with a spectrum of depression improvement (response- emergent mania).